Context¶

What are Context¶

In the Agent Development Kit (ADK), "context" refers to the crucial bundle of information available to your agent and its tools during specific operations. Think of it as the necessary background knowledge and resources needed to handle a current task or conversation turn effectively.

Agents often need more than just the latest user message to perform well. Context is essential because it enables:

Maintaining State: Remembering details across multiple steps in a conversation (e.g., user preferences, previous calculations, items in a shopping cart). This is primarily managed through session state.
Passing Data: Sharing information discovered or generated in one step (like an LLM call or a tool execution) with subsequent steps. Session state is key here too.
Accessing Services: Interacting with framework capabilities like:
- Artifact Storage: Saving or loading files or data blobs (like PDFs, images, configuration files) associated with the session.
- Memory: Searching for relevant information from past interactions or external knowledge sources connected to the user.
- Authentication: Requesting and retrieving credentials needed by tools to access external APIs securely.
Identity and Tracking: Knowing which agent is currently running (agent.name) and uniquely identifying the current request-response cycle (invocation_id) for logging and debugging.
Tool-Specific Actions: Enabling specialized operations within tools, such as requesting authentication or searching memory, which require access to the current interaction's details.

The central piece holding all this information together for a single, complete user-request-to-final-response cycle (an invocation) is the InvocationContext. However, you typically won't create or manage this object directly. The ADK framework creates it when an invocation starts (e.g., via runner.run_async) and passes the relevant contextual information implicitly to your agent code, callbacks, and tools.

PythonJava

# Conceptual Pseudocode: How the framework provides context (Internal Logic)

# runner = Runner(agent=my_root_agent, session_service=..., artifact_service=...)
# user_message = types.Content(...)
# session = session_service.get_session(...) # Or create new

# --- Inside runner.run_async(...) ---
# 1. Framework creates the main context for this specific run
# invocation_context = InvocationContext(
#     invocation_id="unique-id-for-this-run",
#     session=session,
#     user_content=user_message,
#     agent=my_root_agent, # The starting agent
#     session_service=session_service,
#     artifact_service=artifact_service,
#     memory_service=memory_service,
#     # ... other necessary fields ...
# )
#
# 2. Framework calls the agent's run method, passing the context implicitly
#    (The agent's method signature will receive it, e.g., runAsyncImpl(InvocationContext invocationContext))
# await my_root_agent.run_async(invocation_context)
#   --- End Internal Logic ---
#
# As a developer, you work with the context objects provided in method arguments.

/* Conceptual Pseudocode: How the framework provides context (Internal Logic) */
InMemoryRunner runner = new InMemoryRunner(agent);
Session session = runner
    .sessionService()
    .createSession(runner.appName(), USER_ID, initialState, SESSION_ID )
    .blockingGet();

try (Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
  while (true) {
    System.out.print("\nYou > ");
  }
  String userInput = scanner.nextLine();
  if ("quit".equalsIgnoreCase(userInput)) {
    break;
  }
  Content userMsg = Content.fromParts(Part.fromText(userInput));
  Flowable<Event> events = runner.runAsync(session.userId(), session.id(), userMsg);
  System.out.print("\nAgent > ");
  events.blockingForEach(event -> System.out.print(event.stringifyContent()));
}

The Different types of Context¶

While InvocationContext acts as the comprehensive internal container, ADK provides specialized context objects tailored to specific situations. This ensures you have the right tools and permissions for the task at hand without needing to handle the full complexity of the internal context everywhere. Here are the different "flavors" you'll encounter:

InvocationContext

Where Used: Received as the ctx argument directly within an agent's core implementation methods (_run_async_impl, _run_live_impl).
Purpose: Provides access to the entire state of the current invocation. This is the most comprehensive context object.
Key Contents: Direct access to session (including state and events), the current agent instance, invocation_id, initial user_content, references to configured services (artifact_service, memory_service, session_service), and fields related to live/streaming modes.
Use Case: Primarily used when the agent's core logic needs direct access to the overall session or services, though often state and artifact interactions are delegated to callbacks/tools which use their own contexts. Also used to control the invocation itself (e.g., setting ctx.end_invocation = True).

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: Agent implementation receiving InvocationContext
from google.adk.agents import BaseAgent
from google.adk.agents.invocation_context import InvocationContext
from google.adk.events import Event
from typing import AsyncGenerator

class MyAgent(BaseAgent):
    async def _run_async_impl(self, ctx: InvocationContext) -> AsyncGenerator[Event, None]:
        # Direct access example
        agent_name = ctx.agent.name
        session_id = ctx.session.id
        print(f"Agent {agent_name} running in session {session_id} for invocation {ctx.invocation_id}")
        # ... agent logic using ctx ...
        yield # ... event ...

// Pseudocode: Agent implementation receiving InvocationContext
import com.google.adk.agents.BaseAgent;
import com.google.adk.agents.InvocationContext;

    LlmAgent root_agent =
        LlmAgent.builder()
            .model("gemini-***")
            .name("sample_agent")
            .description("Answers user questions.")
            .instruction(
                """
                provide instruction for the agent here.
                """
            )
            .tools(sampleTool)
            .outputKey("YOUR_KEY")
            .build();

    ConcurrentMap<String, Object> initialState = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    initialState.put("YOUR_KEY", "");

    InMemoryRunner runner = new InMemoryRunner(agent);
    Session session =
          runner
              .sessionService()
              .createSession(runner.appName(), USER_ID, initialState, SESSION_ID )
              .blockingGet();

   try (Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
        while (true) {
          System.out.print("\nYou > ");
          String userInput = scanner.nextLine();

          if ("quit".equalsIgnoreCase(userInput)) {
            break;
          }

          Content userMsg = Content.fromParts(Part.fromText(userInput));
          Flowable<Event> events = 
                  runner.runAsync(session.userId(), session.id(), userMsg);

          System.out.print("\nAgent > ");
          events.blockingForEach(event -> 
                  System.out.print(event.stringifyContent()));
      }

    protected Flowable<Event> runAsyncImpl(InvocationContext invocationContext) {
        // Direct access example
        String agentName = invocationContext.agent.name
        String sessionId = invocationContext.session.id
        String invocationId = invocationContext.invocationId
        System.out.println("Agent " + agent_name + " running in session " + session_id + " for invocation " + invocationId)
        // ... agent logic using ctx ...
    }

ReadonlyContext

Where Used: Provided in scenarios where only read access to basic information is needed and mutation is disallowed (e.g., InstructionProvider functions). It's also the base class for other contexts.
Purpose: Offers a safe, read-only view of fundamental contextual details.
Key Contents: invocation_id, agent_name, and a read-only view of the current state.

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: Instruction provider receiving ReadonlyContext
from google.adk.agents.readonly_context import ReadonlyContext

def my_instruction_provider(context: ReadonlyContext) -> str:
    # Read-only access example
    user_tier = context.state().get("user_tier", "standard") # Can read state
    # context.state['new_key'] = 'value' # This would typically cause an error or be ineffective
    return f"Process the request for a {user_tier} user."

// Pseudocode: Instruction provider receiving ReadonlyContext
import com.google.adk.agents.ReadonlyContext;

public String myInstructionProvider(ReadonlyContext context){
    // Read-only access example
    String userTier = context.state().get("user_tier", "standard");
    context.state().put('new_key', 'value'); //This would typically cause an error
    return "Process the request for a " + userTier + " user."
}

CallbackContext

Where Used: Passed as callback_context to agent lifecycle callbacks (before_agent_callback, after_agent_callback) and model interaction callbacks (before_model_callback, after_model_callback).
Purpose: Facilitates inspecting and modifying state, interacting with artifacts, and accessing invocation details specifically within callbacks.
Key Capabilities (Adds to ReadonlyContext):
- Mutable state Property: Allows reading and writing to session state. Changes made here (callback_context.state['key'] = value) are tracked and associated with the event generated by the framework after the callback.
- Artifact Methods: load_artifact(filename) and save_artifact(filename, part) methods for interacting with the configured artifact_service.
- Direct user_content access.

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: Callback receiving CallbackContext
from google.adk.agents.callback_context import CallbackContext
from google.adk.models import LlmRequest
from google.genai import types
from typing import Optional

def my_before_model_cb(callback_context: CallbackContext, request: LlmRequest) -> Optional[types.Content]:
    # Read/Write state example
    call_count = callback_context.state.get("model_calls", 0)
    callback_context.state["model_calls"] = call_count + 1 # Modify state

    # Optionally load an artifact
    # config_part = callback_context.load_artifact("model_config.json")
    print(f"Preparing model call #{call_count + 1} for invocation {callback_context.invocation_id}")
    return None # Allow model call to proceed

// Pseudocode: Callback receiving CallbackContext
import com.google.adk.agents.CallbackContext;
import com.google.adk.models.LlmRequest;
import com.google.genai.types.Content;
import java.util.Optional;

public Maybe<LlmResponse> myBeforeModelCb(CallbackContext callbackContext, LlmRequest request){
    // Read/Write state example
    callCount = callbackContext.state().get("model_calls", 0)
    callbackContext.state().put("model_calls") = callCount + 1 # Modify state

    // Optionally load an artifact
    // Maybe<Part> configPart = callbackContext.loadArtifact("model_config.json");
    System.out.println("Preparing model call " + callCount + 1);
    return Maybe.empty(); // Allow model call to proceed
}

ToolContext

Where Used: Passed as tool_context to the functions backing FunctionTools and to tool execution callbacks (before_tool_callback, after_tool_callback).
Purpose: Provides everything CallbackContext does, plus specialized methods essential for tool execution, like handling authentication, searching memory, and listing artifacts.
Key Capabilities (Adds to CallbackContext):
- Authentication Methods: request_credential(auth_config) to trigger an auth flow, and get_auth_response(auth_config) to retrieve credentials provided by the user/system.
- Artifact Listing: list_artifacts() to discover available artifacts in the session.
- Memory Search: search_memory(query) to query the configured memory_service.
- function_call_id Property: Identifies the specific function call from the LLM that triggered this tool execution, crucial for linking authentication requests or responses back correctly.
- actions Property: Direct access to the EventActions object for this step, allowing the tool to signal state changes, auth requests, etc.

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: Tool function receiving ToolContext
from google.adk.tools import ToolContext
from typing import Dict, Any

# Assume this function is wrapped by a FunctionTool
def search_external_api(query: str, tool_context: ToolContext) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    api_key = tool_context.state.get("api_key")
    if not api_key:
        # Define required auth config
        # auth_config = AuthConfig(...)
        # tool_context.request_credential(auth_config) # Request credentials
        # Use the 'actions' property to signal the auth request has been made
        # tool_context.actions.requested_auth_configs[tool_context.function_call_id] = auth_config
        return {"status": "Auth Required"}

    # Use the API key...
    print(f"Tool executing for query '{query}' using API key. Invocation: {tool_context.invocation_id}")

    # Optionally search memory or list artifacts
    # relevant_docs = tool_context.search_memory(f"info related to {query}")
    # available_files = tool_context.list_artifacts()

    return {"result": f"Data for {query} fetched."}

// Pseudocode: Tool function receiving ToolContext
import com.google.adk.tools.ToolContext;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

// Assume this function is wrapped by a FunctionTool
public Map<String, Object> searchExternalApi(String query, ToolContext toolContext){
    String apiKey = toolContext.state.get("api_key");
    if(apiKey.isEmpty()){
        // Define required auth config
        // authConfig = AuthConfig(...);
        // toolContext.requestCredential(authConfig); # Request credentials
        // Use the 'actions' property to signal the auth request has been made
        ...
        return Map.of("status", "Auth Required");

    // Use the API key...
    System.out.println("Tool executing for query " + query + " using API key. ");

    // Optionally list artifacts
    // Single<List<String>> availableFiles = toolContext.listArtifacts();

    return Map.of("result", "Data for " + query + " fetched");
}

Understanding these different context objects and when to use them is key to effectively managing state, accessing services, and controlling the flow of your ADK application. The next section will detail common tasks you can perform using these contexts.

Common Tasks Using Context¶

Now that you understand the different context objects, let's focus on how to use them for common tasks when building your agents and tools.

Accessing Information¶

You'll frequently need to read information stored within the context.

Reading Session State: Access data saved in previous steps or user/app-level settings. Use dictionary-like access on the state property.

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: In a Tool function
from google.adk.tools import ToolContext

def my_tool(tool_context: ToolContext, **kwargs):
    user_pref = tool_context.state.get("user_display_preference", "default_mode")
    api_endpoint = tool_context.state.get("app:api_endpoint") # Read app-level state

    if user_pref == "dark_mode":
        # ... apply dark mode logic ...
        pass
    print(f"Using API endpoint: {api_endpoint}")
    # ... rest of tool logic ...

# Pseudocode: In a Callback function
from google.adk.agents.callback_context import CallbackContext

def my_callback(callback_context: CallbackContext, **kwargs):
    last_tool_result = callback_context.state.get("temp:last_api_result") # Read temporary state
    if last_tool_result:
        print(f"Found temporary result from last tool: {last_tool_result}")
    # ... callback logic ...

// Pseudocode: In a Tool function
import com.google.adk.tools.ToolContext;

public void myTool(ToolContext toolContext){
   String userPref = toolContext.state().get("user_display_preference");
   String apiEndpoint = toolContext.state().get("app:api_endpoint"); // Read app-level state
   if(userPref.equals("dark_mode")){
        // ... apply dark mode logic ...
        pass
    }
   System.out.println("Using API endpoint: " + api_endpoint);
   // ... rest of tool logic ...
}


// Pseudocode: In a Callback function
import com.google.adk.agents.CallbackContext;

    public void myCallback(CallbackContext callbackContext){
        String lastToolResult = (String) callbackContext.state().get("temp:last_api_result"); // Read temporary state
    }
    if(!(lastToolResult.isEmpty())){
        System.out.println("Found temporary result from last tool: " + lastToolResult);
    }
    // ... callback logic ...

Getting Current Identifiers: Useful for logging or custom logic based on the current operation.

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: In any context (ToolContext shown)
from google.adk.tools import ToolContext

def log_tool_usage(tool_context: ToolContext, **kwargs):
    agent_name = tool_context.agent_nameSystem.out.println("Found temporary result from last tool: " + lastToolResult);
    inv_id = tool_context.invocation_id
    func_call_id = getattr(tool_context, 'function_call_id', 'N/A') # Specific to ToolContext

    print(f"Log: Invocation={inv_id}, Agent={agent_name}, FunctionCallID={func_call_id} - Tool Executed.")

// Pseudocode: In any context (ToolContext shown)
 import com.google.adk.tools.ToolContext;

 public void logToolUsage(ToolContext toolContext){
            String agentName = toolContext.agentName;
            String invId = toolContext.invocationId;
            String functionCallId = toolContext.functionCallId().get(); // Specific to ToolContext
            System.out.println("Log: Invocation= " + invId &+ " Agent= " + agentName);
        }

Accessing the Initial User Input: Refer back to the message that started the current invocation.

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: In a Callback
from google.adk.agents.callback_context import CallbackContext

def check_initial_intent(callback_context: CallbackContext, **kwargs):
    initial_text = "N/A"
    if callback_context.user_content and callback_context.user_content.parts:
        initial_text = callback_context.user_content.parts[0].text or "Non-text input"

    print(f"This invocation started with user input: '{initial_text}'")

# Pseudocode: In an Agent's _run_async_impl
# async def _run_async_impl(self, ctx: InvocationContext) -> AsyncGenerator[Event, None]:
#     if ctx.user_content and ctx.user_content.parts:
#         initial_text = ctx.user_content.parts[0].text
#         print(f"Agent logic remembering initial query: {initial_text}")
#     ...

// Pseudocode: In a Callback
import com.google.adk.agents.CallbackContext;

public void checkInitialIntent(CallbackContext callbackContext){
    String initialText = "N/A";
    if((!(callbackContext.userContent().isEmpty())) && (!(callbackContext.userContent().parts.isEmpty()))){
        initialText = cbx.userContent().get().parts().get().get(0).text().get();
        ...
        System.out.println("This invocation started with user input: " + initialText)
    }
}

Managing State¶

State is crucial for memory and data flow. When you modify state using CallbackContext or ToolContext, the changes are automatically tracked and persisted by the framework.

How it Works: Writing to callback_context.state['my_key'] = my_value or tool_context.state['my_key'] = my_value adds this change to the EventActions.state_delta associated with the current step's event. The SessionService then applies these deltas when persisting the event.

Passing Data Between Tools

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: Tool 1 - Fetches user ID
from google.adk.tools import ToolContext
import uuid

def get_user_profile(tool_context: ToolContext) -> dict:
    user_id = str(uuid.uuid4()) # Simulate fetching ID
    # Save the ID to state for the next tool
    tool_context.state["temp:current_user_id"] = user_id
    return {"profile_status": "ID generated"}

# Pseudocode: Tool 2 - Uses user ID from state
def get_user_orders(tool_context: ToolContext) -> dict:
    user_id = tool_context.state.get("temp:current_user_id")
    if not user_id:
        return {"error": "User ID not found in state"}

    print(f"Fetching orders for user ID: {user_id}")
    # ... logic to fetch orders using user_id ...
    return {"orders": ["order123", "order456"]}

// Pseudocode: Tool 1 - Fetches user ID
import com.google.adk.tools.ToolContext;
import java.util.UUID;

public Map<String, String> getUserProfile(ToolContext toolContext){
    String userId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
    // Save the ID to state for the next tool
    toolContext.state().put("temp:current_user_id", user_id);
    return Map.of("profile_status", "ID generated");
}

// Pseudocode: Tool 2 - Uses user ID from state
public  Map<String, String> getUserOrders(ToolContext toolContext){
    String userId = toolContext.state().get("temp:current_user_id");
    if(userId.isEmpty()){
        return Map.of("error", "User ID not found in state");
    }
    System.out.println("Fetching orders for user id: " + userId);
     // ... logic to fetch orders using user_id ...
    return Map.of("orders", "order123");
}

Updating User Preferences:

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: Tool or Callback identifies a preference
from google.adk.tools import ToolContext # Or CallbackContext

def set_user_preference(tool_context: ToolContext, preference: str, value: str) -> dict:
    # Use 'user:' prefix for user-level state (if using a persistent SessionService)
    state_key = f"user:{preference}"
    tool_context.state[state_key] = value
    print(f"Set user preference '{preference}' to '{value}'")
    return {"status": "Preference updated"}

// Pseudocode: Tool or Callback identifies a preference
import com.google.adk.tools.ToolContext; // Or CallbackContext

public Map<String, String> setUserPreference(ToolContext toolContext, String preference, String value){
    // Use 'user:' prefix for user-level state (if using a persistent SessionService)
    String stateKey = "user:" + preference;
    toolContext.state().put(stateKey, value);
    System.out.println("Set user preference '" + preference + "' to '" + value + "'");
    return Map.of("status", "Preference updated");
}

State Prefixes: While basic state is session-specific, prefixes like app: and user: can be used with persistent SessionService implementations (like DatabaseSessionService or VertexAiSessionService) to indicate broader scope (app-wide or user-wide across sessions). temp: can denote data only relevant within the current invocation.

Working with Artifacts¶

Use artifacts to handle files or large data blobs associated with the session. Common use case: processing uploaded documents.

Document Summarizer Example Flow:

Ingest Reference (e.g., in a Setup Tool or Callback): Save the path or URI of the document, not the entire content, as an artifact.

PythonJava

# Pseudocode: In a callback or initial tool
from google.adk.agents.callback_context import CallbackContext # Or ToolContext
from google.genai import types

def save_document_reference(context: CallbackContext, file_path: str) -> None:
    # Assume file_path is something like "gs://my-bucket/docs/report.pdf" or "/local/path/to/report.pdf"