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Keywords

A list and count of keywords in programming languages. Based on work originally compiled by @leighmcculloch and contributors.

2022 update (WIP): I took the latest versions of several popularity lists and am ensuring the top 10 in all three lists were on this list. There have been some pretty significant changes in the past couple of years, including the addition of some soft or contextual keywords in Python 3 and Java, increasing their keyword counts significantly.

In addition to the above, I migrated CI to GitHub Actions and am working to ensure multiple language versions with different keyword sets are represented.

Languages by keyword

Why does it matter?

The number of keywords in a programming language can be an indication to it's simplicity/complexity, and that can impact the simplicity/complexity of the solutions that developers produce using it. Complex solutions can be more expensive to maintain and difficult to hire for. However, this is dependent on many factors and keyword count is only one; language idioms also play a massive part.

License

Source code in this repository is licensed under the MIT License.

Compiled data in this repository is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License.

SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT AND CC-BY-4.0

Contribute

Don't see a language here? Please open a pull request adding it!

Keyword List

C (ANSI (C89)) (32 keywords)
auto break case char
const continue default do
double else enum extern
float for goto if
int long register return
short signed sizeof static
struct switch typedef union
unsigned void volatile while

Sources:

http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c89/c89-draft.html#3.1.1

C (C11) (44 keywords)
auto break case char
const continue default do
double else enum extern
float for goto if
inline int long register
restrict return short signed
sizeof static struct switch
typedef union unsigned void
volatile while _Alignas _Alignof
_Atomic _Bool _Complex _Generic
_Imaginary _Noreturn _Static_assert _Thread_local

Sources:

https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1570.pdf

C (C17) (44 keywords)
auto break case char
const continue default do
double else enum extern
float for goto if
inline int long register
restrict return short signed
sizeof static struct switch
typedef union unsigned void
volatile while _Alignas _Alignof
_Atomic _Bool _Complex _Generic
_Imaginary _Noreturn _Static_assert _Thread_local

Sources:

https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n2310.pdf

C (C99) (37 keywords)
auto break case char
const continue default do
double else enum extern
float for goto if
inline int long register
restrict return short signed
sizeof static struct switch
typedef union unsigned void
volatile while _Bool _Complex
_Imaginary

Sources:

https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf

C# (8.0) (107 keywords)
abstract as base bool
break byte case catch
char checked class const
continue decimal default delegate
do double else enum
event explicit extern false
finally fixed float for
foreach goto if implicit
in int interface internal
is lock long namespace
new null object operator
out override params private
protected public readonly ref
return sbyte sealed short
sizeof stackalloc static string
struct switch this throw
true try typeof uint
ulong unchecked unsafe ushort
using virtual void volatile
while add alias ascending
async await by descending
dynamic equals from get
global group into join
let nameof notnull on
orderby partial remove select
set unmanaged value var
when where yield

Sources:

https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c075178_ISO_IEC_23270_2018.zip

C++ (C++03) (74 keywords)
asm auto bool break
case catch char class
const const_cast continue default
delete do double dynamic_cast
else enum explicit export
extern false float for
friend goto if inline
int long mutable namespace
new operator private protected
public register reinterpret_cast return
short signed sizeof static
static_cast struct switch template
this throw true try
typedef typeid typename union
unsigned using virtual void
volatile wchar_t while and
and_eq bitand bitor compl
not not_eq or or_eq
xor xor_eq

Sources:

http://staff.ustc.edu.cn/~zhuang/cpp/specs/ISO_IEC%2014882%202003.pdf

C++ (C++11) (84 keywords)
alignas alignof asm auto
bool break case catch
char char_16t char_32t class
const constexpr const_cast continue
decltype default delete do
double dynamic_cast else enum
explicit export extern false
float for friend goto
if inline int long
mutable namespace new noexcept
nullptr operator private protected
public register reinterpret_cast return
short signed sizeof static
static_assert static_cast struct switch
template this thread_local throw
true try typedef typeid
typename union unsigned using
virtual void volatile wchar_t
while and and_eq bitand
bitor compl not not_eq
or or_eq xor xor_eq

Sources:

https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf

C++ (C++14) (84 keywords)
alignas alignof asm auto
bool break case catch
char char_16t char_32t class
const constexpr const_cast continue
decltype default delete do
double dynamic_cast else enum
explicit export extern false
float for friend goto
if inline int long
mutable namespace new noexcept
nullptr operator private protected
public register reinterpret_cast return
short signed sizeof static
static_assert static_cast struct switch
template this thread_local throw
true try typedef typeid
typename union unsigned using
virtual void volatile wchar_t
while and and_eq bitand
bitor compl not not_eq
or or_eq xor xor_eq

Sources:

https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf

C++ (C++17) (84 keywords)
alignas alignof asm auto
bool break case catch
char char16_t char32_t class
const constexpr const_cast continue
decltype default delete do
double dynamic_cast else enum
explicit export extern false
float for friend goto
if inline int long
mutable namespace new noexcept
nullptr operator private protected
public register reinterpret_cast return
short signed sizeof static
static_assert static_cast struct switch
template this thread_local throw
true try typedef typeid
typename union unsigned using
virtual void volatile wchar_t
while and and_eq bitand
bitor compl not not_eq
or or_eq xor xor_eq

Sources:

http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/n4659.pdf

C++ (C++20) (92 keywords)
alignas alignof asm auto
bool break case catch
char char8_t char16_t char32_t
class concept const consteval
constexpr constinit const_cast continue
co_await co_return co_yield decltype
default delete do double
dynamic_cast else enum explicit
export extern false float
for friend goto if
inline int long mutable
namespace new noexcept nullptr
operator private protected public
register reinterpret_cast requires return
short signed sizeof static
static_assert static_cast struct switch
template this thread_local throw
true try typedef typeid
typename union unsigned using
virtual void volatile wchar_t
while and and_eq bitand
bitor compl not not_eq
or or_eq xor xor_eq

Sources:

https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/n4849.pdf

C++ (C++98) (74 keywords)
asm auto bool break
case catch char class
const const_cast continue default
delete do double dynamic_cast
else enum explicit export
extern false float for
friend goto if inline
int long mutable namespace
new operator private protected
public register reinterpret_cast return
short signed sizeof static
static_cast struct switch template
this throw true try
typedef typeid typename union
unsigned using virtual void
volatile wchar_t while and
and_eq bitand bitor compl
not not_eq or or_eq
xor xor_eq

Sources:

https://www.lirmm.fr/~ducour/Doc-objets/ISO+IEC+14882-1998.pdf

Dart (2.2) (33 keywords)
assert break case catch
class const continue default
do else enum extends
false final finally for
if in is new
null rethrow return super
switch this throw true
try var void while
with

Sources:

https://dart.dev/guides/language/specifications/DartLangSpec-v2.2.pdf

Elixir (1.10) (15 keywords)
true false nil when
and or not in
fn do end catch
rescue after else

Sources:

https://hexdocs.pm/elixir/syntax-reference.html#reserved-words

Erlang (23) (27 keywords)
after and andalso band
begin bnot bor bsl
bsr bxor case catch
cond div end fun
if let not of
or orelse receive rem
try when xor

Sources:

http://erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/introduction.html#reserved-words

Fortran (Fortran 2008) (103 keywords)
abstract allocatable allocate assign
associate asynchronous backspace bind
block block data call case
class close codimension common
contains contiguous continue critical
cycle data deallocate deferred
dimension do do concurrent elemental
else else if elsewhere end
endfile endif entry enum
enumerator equivalence error stop exit
extends external final flush
forall format function generic
goto if implicit import
include inquire intent interface
intrinsic lock module namelist
non_overridable nopass nullify only
open operator optional parameter
pass pause pointer print
private procedure program protected
public pure read recursive
result return rewind rewrite
save select sequence stop
submodule subroutine sync all sync images
sync memory target then unlock
use value volatile wait
where while write

Sources:

http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/Keywords

Go (1.18) (25 keywords)
break case chan const
continue default defer else
fallthrough for func go
goto if import interface
map package range return
select struct switch type
var

Sources:

https://golang.org/ref/spec#Keywords

Java (SE 11 LTS) (51 keywords)
abstract assert boolean break
byte case catch char
class const continue default
do double else enum
extends final finally float
for if goto implements
import instanceof int interface
long native new package
private protected public return
short static strictfp super
switch synchronized this throw
throws transient try void
volatile while _

Sources:

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se11/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.9

Java (SE 17 LTS) (67 keywords)
abstract assert boolean break
byte case catch char
class const continue default
do double else enum
extends final finally float
for if goto implements
import instanceof int interface
long native new package
private protected public return
short static strictfp super
switch synchronized this throw
throws transient try void
volatile while _ exports
module non-sealed open opens
permits provides record requires
sealed to transitive uses
var with yield

Sources:

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se17/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.9

JavaScript (1st edition) (35 keywords)
break continue delete else
for function if in
new return this typeof
var void while with
case catch class const
debugger default do enum
export extends finally import
super switch throw try
null true false

Sources:

https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_1st_edition_june_1997.pdf

JavaScript (2nd edition) (59 keywords)
break continue delete else
for function if in
new return this typeof
var void while with
abstract boolean byte case
catch char class const
debugger default do double
enum export extends final
finally float goto implements
import instanceof int interface
long native package private
protected public short static
super switch synchronized throw
throws transient try volatile
null true false

Sources:

https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_2nd_edition_august_1998.pdf

JavaScript (3rd edition) (59 keywords)
break case catch continue
default delete do else
finally for function if
in instanceof new return
switch this throw try
typeof var void while
with abstract boolean byte
char class const debugger
double enum export extends
final float goto implements
import int interface long
native package private protected
public short static super
synchronized throws transient volatile
null true false

Sources:

https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_3rd_edition_december_1999.pdf

JavaScript (5th edition) (45 keywords)
break case catch continue
debugger default delete do
else finally for function
if in instanceof new
return switch this throw
try typeof var void
while with class const
enum export extends import
super implements interface let
package private protected public
static yield null true
false

Sources:

https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_5th_edition_december_2009.pdf

JavaScript (6th edition) (46 keywords)
break case catch class
const continue debugger default
delete do else export
extends finally for function
if import in instanceof
new return super switch
this throw try typeof
var void while with
yield let static enum
await implements interface package
private protected public null
true false

Sources:

https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_5th_edition_december_2009.pdf

Kotlin (1.4) (79 keywords)
as as? break class
continue do else false
for fun if in
!in interface is !is
null object package return
super this throw true
try typealias typeof val
var when while by
catch constructor delegate dynamic
field file finally get
import init param property
receiver set setparam where
actual abstract annotation companion
const crossinline data enum
expect external final infix
inline inner internal lateinit
noinline open operator out
override private protected public
reified sealed suspend tailrec
vararg field it

Sources:

https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/keyword-reference.html

Lua (5.3) (22 keywords)
and break do else
elseif end false for
function goto if in
local nil not or
repeat return then true
until while

Sources:

https://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html#3.1

MATLAB (R2020a) (20 keywords)
break case catch classdef
continue else elseif end
for function global if
otherwise parfor persistent return
spmd switch try while

Sources:

https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/iskeyword.html

Objective-C (2.0) (85 keywords)
asm auto break case
char const continue default
do double else enum
extern float for goto
if inline int long
register restrict return short
signed sizeof static struct
switch typedef union unsigned
void volatile while _Bool
_Complex __block Imaginary id
Class SEL IMP BOOL
nil Nil YES NO
self super _cmd __strong
__weak __autoreleasing __unsafe_unretained oneway
In out inout bycopy
byref @autoreleasepool @interface @implementation
@protocol @end @private @protected
@public @package @try @throw
@catch() @finally @property @synthesize
@dynamic @class @selector() @protocol()
@required @optional @encode @"string"
@synchronized()

Sources:

https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-objective-c-20/9780321712110/

PHP (7.4) (69 keywords)
__halt_compiler() abstract and array()
as break callable case
catch class clone const
continue declare default die()
do echo else elseif
empty() enddeclare endfor endforeach
endif endswitch endwhile eval()
exit() extends final finally
fn for foreach function
global goto if implements
include include_once instanceof insteadof
interface isset() list() namespace
new or print private
protected public require require_once
return static switch throw
trait try unset() use
var while xor yield
yield from

Sources:

http://php.net/manual/en/reserved.keywords.php

Python 2 (2.7) (31 keywords)
and as assert break
class continue def del
elif else except exec
finally for from global
if import in is
lambda not or pass
print raise return try
while with yield

Sources:

https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords

Python 3 (3.10) (38 keywords)
False None True and
as assert async await
break class continue def
del elif else except
finally for from global
if import in is
lambda nonlocal not or
pass raise return try
while with yield match
case _

Sources:

https://docs.python.org/3.10/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords https://docs.python.org/3.10/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords

R (4.0) (21 keywords)
... ..1 FALSE Inf
NA NA_character_ NA_complex_ NA_integer_
NA_real_ NaN NULL TRUE
break else for function
if in next repeat
while

Sources:

https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-lang.html#Reserved-words

Ruby (2.7) (41 keywords)
ENCODING LINE FILE BEGIN
END alias and begin
break case class def
defined? do else elsif
end ensure false for
if in module next
nil not or redo
rescue retry return self
super then true undef
unless until when while
yield

Sources:

https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/2.7.0/keywords_rdoc.html

Rust (1.46) (53 keywords)
as break const continue
crate else enum extern
false fn for if
impl in let loop
match mod move mut
pub ref return self
Self static struct super
trait true type unsafe
use where while async
await dyn abstract become
box do final macro
override priv typeof unsized
virtual yield try union
'static

Sources:

https://doc.rust-lang.org/grammar.html#keywords

Scala (2.13) (40 keywords)
abstract case catch class
def do else extends
false final finally for
forSome if implicit import
lazy macro match new
null object override package
private protected return sealed
super this throw trait
try true type val
var while with yield

Sources:

https://scala-lang.org/files/archive/spec/2.13/01-lexical-syntax.html

Swift (5.3) (97 keywords)
associatedtype class deinit enum
extension fileprivate func import
init inout internal let
open operator private protocol
public rethrows static struct
subscript typealias var break
case continue default defer
do else fallthrough for
guard if in repeat
return switch where while
as Any catch false
is nil super self
Self throw throws true
try _ #available #colorLiteral
#column #else #elseif #endif
#error #file #filePath #fileLiteral
#function #if #imageLiteral #line
#selector #sourceLocation #warning associativity
convenience dynamic didSet final
get infix indirect lazy
left mutating none nonmutating
optional override postfix precedence
prefix Protocol required right
set Type unowned weak
willSet

Sources:

https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/LexicalStructure.html

Visual Basic (2019) (217 keywords)
AddHandler AddressOf Alias And
AndAlso As Boolean ByRef
Byte ByVal Call Case
Catch CBool CByte CChar
CDate CDbl CDec Char
CInt Class CLng CObj
Const Continue CSByte CShort
CSng CStr CType CUInt
CULng CUShort Date Decimal
Declare Default Delegate Dim
DirectCast Do Double Each
Else ElseIf End EndIf
Enum Erase Error Event
Exit False Finally For
For Each Friend Function Get
GetType GetXMLNamespace Global GoSub
GoTo Handles If If()
Implements Imports In Inherits
Integer Interface Is IsNot
Let Lib Like Long
Loop Me Mod Module
MustInherit MustOverride MyBase MyClass
NameOf Namespace Narrowing New
Next Not Nothing NotInheritable
NotOverridable Object Of On
Operator Option Optional Or
OrElse Out Overloads Overridable
Overrides ParamArray Partial Private
Property Protected Public RaiseEvent
ReadOnly ReDim REM RemoveHandler
Resume Return SByte Select
Set Shadows Shared Short
Single Static Step Stop
String Structure Sub SyncLock
Then Throw To True
Try TryCast TypeOf UInteger
ULong UShort Using Variant
Wend When While Widening
With WithEvents WriteOnly Xor
#Const #Else #ElseIf #End
#If = & &=
* *= / /=
\ = ^ ^=
+ += - -=
>> >>= << <<=
Aggregate Ansi Assembly Async
Auto Await Binary Compare
Custom Distinct Equals Explicit
From Group By Group Join Into
IsFalse IsTrue Iterator Join
Key Mid Off Order By
Preserve Skip Skip While Strict
Take Take While Text Unicode
Until Where Yield #ExternalSource
#Region

Sources:

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/visual-basic/language-reference/keywords/

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A list and count of keywords in programming languages.

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