| Syntropy: A tendency towards complexity, structure, order, organization of ever more advantageous and orderly patterns.

Syntropy is a web framework for building multi-page and single-page apps. Syntropy uses file tree-based routing, and provides controllers for a number of common patterns, such as a SPA with client-side rendering, a standard server-rendered MPA, a REST API etc.

Syntropy also provides tools for working with lists of items represented as files (ala Jekyll and other static site generators), allowing you to build read-only apps (such as a markdown blog) without using a database.

For interactive apps, Syntropy provides basic tools for working with SQLite databases in a concurrent environment.

Syntropy is based on:

• UringMachine - a lean mean io_uring machine for Ruby.
• TP2 - an io_uring-based web server for concurrent Ruby apps.
• Qeweney a uniform interface for working with HTTP requests and responses.
• Papercraft HTML templating with plain Ruby.
• Extralite a fast and innovative SQLite wrapper for Ruby.

To get a taste of some of Syntropy's capabilities, you can run the included examples site inside the Syntropy repository:

$ cd syntropy
$ bundle exec syntropy -d examples

Syntropy routes request by following the tree structure of the Syntropy app. A simple example:

site/
├ _layout/
| └ default.rb
├ _articles/
| └ 2025-01-01-hello_world.md
├ api/
| ├ _hook.rb
| └ v1.rb
├ assets/
| ├ css/
| ├ img/
| └ js/
├ about.md
├ archive.rb
├ index.rb
└ robots.txt

Syntropy knows how to serve static asset files (CSS, JS, images...) as well as render markdown files and run modules written in Ruby.

Some conventions employed in Syntropy-based web apps:

• Files and directories starting with an underscore, e.g. /_layout are considered private, and are not exposed to HTTP clients.
• Normally, a module route only responds to its exact path. To respond to any subtree path, add a plus sign to the end of the module name, e.g. /api+.rb.
• A _hook.rb module is invoked on each request routed to anywhere in the corresponding subtree. For example, a hook defined in /api/_hook.rb will be used on requests to /api, /api/foo, /api/bar etc.
• As a corollary, each route "inherits" all hooks defined up the tree. For example, a request to /api/foo will invoke hooks defined in /api/_hook.rb and /_hook.rb.
• In a similar fashion to hooks, error handlers can be defined for different subtrees in a _error.rb module. For each route, in case of an exception, Syntropy will invoke the closest-found error handler module up the tree. For example, an error raised while responding to a request to /api/foo will prefer the error handler in /api/_error.rb, rather than /_error.rb.
• The Syntrpy router accepts clean URLs for Ruby modules and Markdown files. It also accepts clean URLs for index.html files.

Note: Syntropy runs exclusively on Linux and requires kernel version >= 6.4.

To start a web server on the working directory, use the syntropy command:

$ # install syntropy:
$ gem install syntropy
$ # run syntropy
$ syntropy path/to/my_site

To get help for the different options available, run syntropy -h.

When developing and making changes to your site, you can run Syntropy in development mode, which automatically reloads changed modules and provides tools to automatically refresh open web pages and debug HTML templates. To start Syntropy in development mode, run syntropy -d path/to/my_site.

Consider site/archive.rb in the file tree above. We want to get a list of articles and render it using the given layout:

# archive.rb
@@layout = import('$layout/default')

def articles
  Syntropy.stamped_file_entries('/_articles')
end

export @@layout.apply(title: 'archive') {
  div {
    ul {
      articles.each { |article|
        li { a(article.title, href: article.url) }
      }
    }
  }
}

But a module can also be something completely different:

# api/v1.rb
class APIV1 < Syntropy::JSONAPI
  def initialize(db)
    @db = db
  end

  # /posts
  def all(req)
    @db[:posts].order_by(:stamp.desc).to_a
  end

  def by_id(req)
    id = req.validate_param(:id, /^{4,32}$/)
    @db[:posts].where(id: id).first
  end
end

export APIV1

Basically, the exported value can be a template, a callable or a class that responds to the request. Here's a minimal module that responds with a hello world:

export ->(req) { req.respond('Hello, world!') }

Modules communicate with the Syntropy framework and with other modules using export and import. Each module must export a single object, which can be a controller class, a callable (a proc/closure) or a template. The exported object is used by Syntropy as the entrypoint for the route.

But modules can also import other modules. This permits the use of layouts:

# site/_layout/default.rb
export template { |**props|
  header {
    h1 'Foo'
  }
  content {
    render_yield(**props)
  }
}

# site/index.rb
layout = import '_layout/default'

export layout.apply { |**props|
  p 'o hi!'
}

A module can also be written as a set of methods without any explicit class definition. This allows writing modules in a more functional style:

# site/_lib/utils.rb

def foo
  42
end

export self

# site/index.rb
Utils = import '_lib/utils'

export template {
  h1 "foo = #{Utils.foo}"
}

A hook is a piece of code that can intercept HTTP requests before they are passed off to the correspending route. Hooks are applied to the subtree of the directory in which they reside.

Hooks can be used for a variety of purposes:

• Parameter validation
• Authentication, authorization & session management
• Logging
• Request rewriting / redirecting

When multiple hooks are defined up the tree for a particular route, they are chained together such that each hook is invoked starting from the file tree root and down to the route path.

Hooks are implemented as modules named _hook.rb, that export procs (or callables) with the following signature:

# **/_hook.rb
export ->(req, app) { ... }

... where req is the request object, and app is the callable that code. Here's an example of an authorization hook:

export ->(req, app) {
  if (!req.cookies[:session_id])
    req.redirect('/signin')
  else
    app.(req)
  end
}

An error handler can be defined separately for each subtree. When an exception is raised that is not rescued by the application code, Syntropy will look for an error handler up the file tree, and will invoke the first error handler found.

Error handlers are implemented as modules named _error.rb, that export procs (or callables) with the following signature:

# **/_error.rb
->(req, err) { ... }

Using different error handlers for parts of the route tree allows different error responses for each route. For example, the error response for an API route can be a JSON object, while the error response for a browser page route can be a custom HTML page.