• NAME
• SYNOPSIS
• DESCRIPTION
• OPTIONS
  • DEFAULT
  • UNDEF
  • NUMBER, SCALAR and UNIVERSAL
  • DEBUG
• METHODS
  • import
• UNIVERSAL METHODS FOR AUTOBOXED TYPES
  • autobox_class
• EXPORTS
  • type
• CAVEATS
  • Performance
  • Gotchas
    • Precedence
    • print BLOCK
    • eval EXPR
    • Operator Overloading
• VERSION
• SEE ALSO
• AUTHOR
• COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

autobox - call methods on native types

use autobox;

# integers

    my $range = 10->to(1); # [ 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 ]

# floats

    my $error = 3.1415927->minus(22/7)->abs();

# strings

    my @list = 'SELECT * FROM foo'->list();
    my $greeting = "Hello, world!"->upper(); # "HELLO, WORLD!"

    $greeting->for_each(\&character_handler);

# arrays and array refs

    my $schwartzian = @_->map(...)->sort(...)->map(...);
    my $hash = [ 'SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id IN (?, ?)', 1, 2 ]->hash();

# hashes and hash refs

    { alpha => 'beta', gamma => 'vlissides' }->for_each(...);
    %hash->keys();

# code refs

    my $plus_five = (\&add)->curry()->(5);
    my $minus_three = sub { $_[0] - $_[1] }->reverse->curry->(3);

# can, isa, VERSION, import and unimport can be accessed via autobox_class

    42->autobox_class->isa('MyNumber');
    say []->autobox_class->VERSION;

The autobox pragma allows methods to be called on integers, floats, strings, arrays, hashes, and code references in exactly the same manner as blessed references.

Autoboxing is transparent: values are not blessed into their (user-defined) implementation class (unless the method elects to bestow such a blessing) - they simply use its methods as though they are.

The classes (packages) into which the native types are boxed are fully configurable. By default, a method invoked on a non-object value is assumed to be defined in a class whose name corresponds to the ref() type of that value - or SCALAR if the value is a non-reference.

This mapping can be overridden by passing key/value pairs to the use autobox statement, in which the keys represent native types, and the values their associated classes.

As with regular objects, autoboxed values are passed as the first argument of the specified method. Consequently, given a vanilla use autobox:

"Hello, world!"->upper()

is invoked as:

SCALAR::upper("hello, world!")

while:

[ 1 .. 10 ]->for_each(sub { ... })

resolves to:

ARRAY::for_each([ 1 .. 10 ], sub { ... })

Values beginning with the array @ and hash % sigils are passed by reference, i.e. under the default bindings:

@array->join(', ')
@{ ... }->length()
%hash->keys()
%$hash->values()

are equivalent to:

ARRAY::join(\@array, ', ')
ARRAY::length(\@{ ... })
HASH::keys(\%hash)
HASH::values(\%$hash)

Multiple use autobox statements can appear in the same scope. These are merged both "horizontally" (i.e. multiple classes can be associated with a particular type) and "vertically" (i.e. multiple classes can be associated with multiple types).

Thus:

use autobox SCALAR => 'Foo';
use autobox SCALAR => 'Bar';

- associates SCALAR types with a synthetic class whose @ISA includes both Foo and Bar (in that order).

Likewise:

use autobox SCALAR => 'Foo';
use autobox SCALAR => 'Bar';
use autobox ARRAY  => 'Baz';

and

use autobox SCALAR => [ 'Foo', 'Bar' ];
use autobox ARRAY  => 'Baz';

- bind SCALAR types to the Foo and Bar classes and ARRAY types to Baz.

autobox is lexically scoped, and bindings for an outer scope can be extended or countermanded in a nested scope:

{
    use autobox; # default bindings: autobox all native types
    ...

    {
        # appends 'MyScalar' to the @ISA associated with SCALAR types
        use autobox SCALAR => 'MyScalar';
        ...
    }

    # back to the default (no MyScalar)
    ...
}

Autoboxing can be turned off entirely by using the no syntax:

{
    use autobox;
    ...
    no autobox;
    ...
}

- or can be selectively disabled by passing arguments to the no autobox statement:

use autobox; # default bindings

no autobox qw(SCALAR);

[]->foo(); # OK: ARRAY::foo([])

"Hello, world!"->bar(); # runtime error

Autoboxing is not performed for barewords, i.e.

my $foo = Foo->new();

and:

my $foo = new Foo;

behave as expected.

Methods are called on native types by means of the arrow operator. As with regular objects, the right hand side of the operator can either be a bare method name or a variable containing a method name or subroutine reference. Thus the following are all valid:

sub method1 { ... }
my $method2 = 'some_method';
my $method3 = sub { ... };
my $method4 = \&some_method;

" ... "->method1();
[ ... ]->$method2();
{ ... }->$method3();
sub { ... }->$method4();

A native type is only associated with a class if the type => class mapping is supplied in the use autobox statement. Thus the following will not work:

use autobox SCALAR => 'MyScalar';

@array->some_array_method();

- as no class is specified for the ARRAY type. Note: the result of calling a method on a native type that is not associated with a class is the usual runtime error message:

Can't call method "some_array_method" on unblessed reference at ...

As a convenience, there is one exception to this rule. If use autobox is invoked with no arguments (ignoring the DEBUG option) the four main native types are associated with classes of the same name.

Thus:

use autobox;

- is equivalent to:

use autobox {
    SCALAR => 'SCALAR',
    ARRAY  => 'ARRAY',
    HASH   => 'HASH',
    CODE   => 'CODE',
}

This facilitates one-liners and prototypes:

use autobox;

sub SCALAR::split { [ split '', $_[0] ] }
sub ARRAY::length { scalar @{$_[0]} }

print "Hello, world!"->split->length();

However, using these default bindings is not recommended as there's no guarantee that another piece of code won't trample over the same namespace/methods.

A mapping from native types to their user-defined classes can be specified by passing a hashref or a list of key/value pairs to the use autobox statement.

The following example shows the range of valid arguments:

use autobox {
    SCALAR    => 'MyScalar'                     # class name
    ARRAY     => 'MyNamespace::',               # class prefix (ending in '::')
    HASH      => [ 'MyHash', 'MyNamespace::' ], # one or more class names and/or prefixes
    CODE      => ...,                           # any of the 3 value types above
    INTEGER   => ...,                           # any of the 3 value types above
    FLOAT     => ...,                           # any of the 3 value types above
    NUMBER    => ...,                           # any of the 3 value types above
    STRING    => ...,                           # any of the 3 value types above
    UNDEF     => ...,                           # any of the 3 value types above
    UNIVERSAL => ...,                           # any of the 3 value types above
    DEFAULT   => ...,                           # any of the 3 value types above
    DEBUG     => ...                            # boolean or coderef
}

The INTEGER, FLOAT, NUMBER, STRING, SCALAR, ARRAY, HASH, CODE, UNDEF, DEFAULT and UNIVERSAL options can take three different types of value:

• A class name, e.g.

use autobox INTEGER => 'MyInt';

This binds the specified native type to the specified class. All methods invoked on values of type key will be dispatched as methods of the class specified in the corresponding value.

• A namespace: this is a class prefix (up to and including the final '::') to which the specified type name (INTEGER, FLOAT, STRING etc.) will be appended:

Thus:

use autobox ARRAY => 'Prelude::';

is equivalent to:

use autobox ARRAY => 'Prelude::ARRAY';

• A reference to an array of class names and/or namespaces. This associates multiple classes with the specified type.

The DEFAULT option specifies bindings for any of the four default types (SCALAR, ARRAY, HASH and CODE) not supplied in the use autobox statement. As with the other options, the value corresponding to the DEFAULT key can be a class name, a namespace, or a reference to an array containing one or more class names and/or namespaces.

Thus:

use autobox {
    STRING  => 'MyString',
    DEFAULT => 'MyDefault',
}

is equivalent to:

use autobox {
    STRING  => 'MyString',
    SCALAR  => 'MyDefault',
    ARRAY   => 'MyDefault',
    HASH    => 'MyDefault',
    CODE    => 'MyDefault',
}

Which in turn is equivalent to:

use autobox {
    INTEGER => 'MyDefault',
    FLOAT   => 'MyDefault',
    STRING  => [ 'MyString', 'MyDefault' ],
    ARRAY   => 'MyDefault',
    HASH    => 'MyDefault',
    CODE    => 'MyDefault',
}

Namespaces in DEFAULT values have the default type name appended, which, in the case of defaulted SCALAR types, is SCALAR rather than INTEGER, FLOAT etc.

Thus:

use autobox {
    ARRAY   => 'MyArray',
    HASH    => 'MyHash',
    CODE    => 'MyCode',
    DEFAULT => 'MyNamespace::',
}

is equivalent to:

use autobox {
    INTEGER => 'MyNamespace::SCALAR',
    FLOAT   => 'MyNamespace::SCALAR',
    STRING  => 'MyNamespace::SCALAR',
    ARRAY   => 'MyArray',
    HASH    => 'MyHash',
    CODE    => 'MyCode',
}

Any of the four default types can be exempted from defaulting to the DEFAULT value by supplying a value of undef:

use autobox {
    HASH    => undef,
    DEFAULT => 'MyDefault',
};

42->foo; # ok: MyDefault::foo
[]->bar; # ok: MyDefault::bar

%INC->baz; # not ok: runtime error

The pseudotype, UNDEF, can be used to autobox undefined values. These are not autoboxed by default.

This doesn't work:

use autobox;

undef->foo() # runtime error

This works:

use autobox UNDEF => 'MyUndef';

undef->foo(); # ok

So does this:

use autobox UNDEF => 'MyNamespace::';

undef->foo(); # ok

The virtual types NUMBER, SCALAR and UNIVERSAL function as macros or shortcuts which create bindings for their subtypes. The type hierarchy is as follows:

UNIVERSAL -+
           |
           +- SCALAR -+
           |          |
           |          +- NUMBER -+
           |          |          |
           |          |          +- INTEGER
           |          |          |
           |          |          +- FLOAT
           |          |
           |          +- STRING
           |
           +- ARRAY
           |
           +- HASH
           |
           +- CODE

Thus:

use autobox NUMBER => 'MyNumber';

is equivalent to:

use autobox {
    INTEGER => 'MyNumber',
    FLOAT   => 'MyNumber',
}

And:

use autobox SCALAR => 'MyScalar';

is equivalent to:

use autobox {
    INTEGER => 'MyScalar',
    FLOAT   => 'MyScalar',
    STRING  => 'MyScalar',
}

Virtual types can also be passed to unimport via the no autobox syntax. This disables autoboxing for the corresponding subtypes, e.g.

no autobox qw(NUMBER);

is equivalent to:

no autobox qw(INTEGER FLOAT);

Virtual type bindings can be mixed with ordinary bindings to provide fine-grained control over inheritance and delegation. For instance:

use autobox {
    INTEGER => 'MyInteger',
    NUMBER  => 'MyNumber',
    SCALAR  => 'MyScalar',
}

would result in the following bindings:

42->foo              -> [ MyInteger, MyNumber, MyScalar ]
3.1415927->bar       -> [ MyNumber, MyScalar ]
"Hello, world!"->baz -> [ MyScalar ]

Note that DEFAULT bindings take precedence over virtual type bindings, i.e.

use autobox {
    UNIVERSAL => 'MyUniversal',
    DEFAULT   => 'MyDefault', # default SCALAR, ARRAY, HASH and CODE before UNIVERSAL
}

is equivalent to:

use autobox {
    INTEGER => [ 'MyDefault', 'MyUniversal' ],
    FLOAT   => [ 'MyDefault', 'MyUniversal' ], # ... etc.
}

DEBUG allows the autobox bindings for the current scope to be inspected, either by dumping them to the console or passing them to a callback function. This allows the computed bindings to be seen in "longhand".

The option is ignored if the value corresponding to the DEBUG key is false.

If the value is a CODE ref, it is called with a reference to the hash containing the computed bindings for the current scope.

Finally, if DEBUG is true but not a CODE ref, the bindings are dumped to STDERR.

Thus:

use autobox DEBUG => 1, ...

or

use autobox DEBUG => sub { ... }, ...

or

sub my_callback ($) {
    my $hashref = shift;
    ...
}

use autobox DEBUG => \&my_callback, ...

This method sets up autobox bindings for the current lexical scope. It can be used to implement autobox extensions, i.e. lexically-scoped modules that provide autobox bindings for one or more native types without requiring calling code to use autobox.

This is done by subclassing autobox and overriding import. This allows extensions to effectively translate use MyModule into a bespoke use autobox call, e.g.:

package String::Trim;

use base qw(autobox);

sub import {
    my $class = shift;

    $class->SUPER::import(
        STRING => 'String::Trim::String'
    );
}

package String::Trim::String;

sub trim {
    my $string = shift;
    $string =~ s/^\s+//;
    $string =~ s/\s+$//;
    $string;
}

1;

Note that trim is defined in an auxiliary class rather than in String::Trim itself to prevent String::Trim's own methods (i.e. the methods it inherits from autobox) being exposed to STRING types.

This module can now be used without a use autobox statement to enable the trim method in the current lexical scope, e.g.:

#!/usr/bin/env perl

use String::Trim;

print "  Hello, world!  "->trim();

autobox adds a single method to all autoboxed types: autobox_class. This can be used to call UNIVERSAL methods, i.e. can, DOES, import, isa, unimport and VERSION, e.g.

if (sub { ... }->autobox_class->can('curry')) ...
if (42->autobox_class->isa('SCALAR')) ...

Note: autobox_class must always be used when calling these methods. Calling them directly on native types produces the same results as calling them with autobox disabled e.g.:

42->isa('NUMBER') # "" (interpreted as "42"->isa("NUMBER"))
[]->can('push')   # Error: Can't call method "can" on unblessed reference

autobox includes an additional module, autobox::universal, which exports a single subroutine, type.

This sub returns the type of its argument within autobox (which is essentially longhand for the type names used within perl). This value is used by autobox to associate a method invocant with its designated classes, e.g.

use autobox::universal qw(type);

type("42")  # STRING
type(42)    # INTEGER
type(42.0)  # FLOAT
type(undef) # UNDEF

autobox::universal is loaded automatically by autobox, and, as its name suggests, can be used to install a universal type method for autoboxed values, e.g.

use autobox UNIVERSAL => 'autobox::universal';

42->type        # INTEGER
3.1415927->type # FLOAT
%ENV->type      # HASH

Calling

"Hello, world!"->length()

is slightly slower than the equivalent method call on a string-like object, and significantly slower than

length("Hello, world!")

Due to Perl's precedence rules, some autoboxed literals may need to be parenthesized:

For instance, while this works:

my $curried = sub { ... }->curry();

this doesn't:

my $curried = \&foo->curry();

The solution is to wrap the reference in parentheses:

my $curried = (\&foo)->curry();

The same applies for signed integer and float literals:

# this works
my $range = 10->to(1);

# this doesn't work
my $range = -10->to(10);

# this works
my $range = (-10)->to(10);

Perl's special-casing for the print BLOCK ... syntax (see perlsub) means that print { expression() } ... (where the curly brackets denote an anonymous HASH ref) may require some further disambiguation:

# this works
print { foo => 'bar' }->foo();

# and this
print { 'foo', 'bar' }->foo();

# and even this
print { 'foo', 'bar', @_ }->foo();

# but this doesn't
print { @_ }->foo() ? 1 : 0;

In the latter case, the solution is to supply something other than a HASH ref literal as the first argument to print():

# e.g.
print STDOUT { @_ }->foo() ? 1 : 0;

# or
my $hashref = { @_ };
print $hashref->foo() ? 1 : 0;

# or
print '', { @_ }->foo() ? 1 : 0;

# or
print '' . { @_ }->foo() ? 1 : 0;

# or even
{ @_ }->print_if_foo(1, 0);

Like most pragmas, autobox performs operations at compile time, and, as a result, runtime string evals are not executed within its scope, i.e. this doesn't work:

use autobox;

eval "42->foo";

The workaround is to use autobox within the eval, e.g.

eval <<'EOS';
    use autobox;
    42->foo();
EOS

Note that the eval BLOCK form works as expected:

use autobox;

eval { 42->foo() }; # OK

Operator overloading via the overload pragma doesn't (automatically) work. autobox works by lexically overriding the arrow operator. It doesn't bless native types into objects, so overloading — or any other kind of "magic" which depends on values being blessed — doesn't apply.

3.0.2

• autobox::Core
• Moose::Autobox
• perl5i
• Scalar::Properties

chocolateboy

Copyright © 2003-2024 by chocolateboy.

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the Artistic License 2.0.