MySQL 9.1 Reference Manual

Including MySQL NDB Cluster 9.1

Abstract

This is the MySQL Reference Manual. It documents MySQL 9.1 (9.1.0), as well as NDB Cluster 9.1 (9.1.0), respectively. It may include documentation of features of MySQL versions that have not yet been released. For information about which versions have been released, see the MySQL 9.1 Release Notes.

MySQL 9.1 features.  This manual describes features that are not included in every edition of MySQL 9.1; such features may not be included in the edition of MySQL 9.1 licensed to you. If you have any questions about the features included in your edition of MySQL 9.1, refer to your MySQL 9.1 license agreement or contact your Oracle sales representative.

For notes detailing the changes in each release, see the MySQL 9.1 Release Notes.

For legal information, including licensing information, see the Preface and Legal Notices.

For help with using MySQL, please visit the MySQL Forums, where you can discuss your issues with other MySQL users.

Document generated on: 2025-04-15 (revision: 81637)

Table of Contents

Preface and Legal Notices
1 General Information
1.1 About This Manual
1.2 Overview of the MySQL Database Management System
1.2.1 What is MySQL?
1.2.2 The Main Features of MySQL
1.2.3 History of MySQL
1.3 MySQL Releases: Innovation and LTS
1.4 What Is New in MySQL 9.1
1.5 Server and Status Variables and Options Added, Deprecated, or Removed in MySQL 9.1
1.6 How to Report Bugs or Problems
1.7 MySQL Standards Compliance
1.7.1 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL
1.7.2 MySQL Differences from Standard SQL
1.7.3 How MySQL Deals with Constraints
2 Installing MySQL
2.1 General Installation Guidance
2.1.1 Supported Platforms
2.1.2 Which MySQL Version and Distribution to Install
2.1.3 How to Get MySQL
2.1.4 Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG
2.1.5 Installation Layouts
2.1.6 Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics
2.2 Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries
2.3 Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows
2.3.1 Choosing an Installation Package
2.3.2 Configuration: Using MySQL Configurator
2.3.3 Configuration: Manually
2.3.4 Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation
2.3.5 Windows Postinstallation Procedures
2.3.6 Windows Platform Restrictions
2.4 Installing MySQL on macOS
2.4.1 General Notes on Installing MySQL on macOS
2.4.2 Installing MySQL on macOS Using Native Packages
2.4.3 Installing and Using the MySQL Launch Daemon
2.4.4 Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane
2.5 Installing MySQL on Linux
2.5.1 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL Yum Repository
2.5.2 Installing MySQL on Linux Using the MySQL APT Repository
2.5.3 Using the MySQL SLES Repository
2.5.4 Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages from Oracle
2.5.5 Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages from Oracle
2.5.6 Deploying MySQL on Linux with Docker Containers
2.5.7 Installing MySQL on Linux from the Native Software Repositories
2.5.8 Installing MySQL on Linux with Juju
2.5.9 Managing MySQL Server with systemd
2.6 Installing MySQL Using Unbreakable Linux Network (ULN)
2.7 Installing MySQL on Solaris
2.7.1 Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG
2.8 Installing MySQL from Source
2.8.1 Source Installation Methods
2.8.2 Source Installation Prerequisites
2.8.3 MySQL Layout for Source Installation
2.8.4 Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution
2.8.5 Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree
2.8.6 Configuring SSL Library Support
2.8.7 MySQL Source-Configuration Options
2.8.8 Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL
2.8.9 MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools
2.8.10 Generating MySQL Doxygen Documentation Content
2.9 Postinstallation Setup and Testing
2.9.1 Initializing the Data Directory
2.9.2 Starting the Server
2.9.3 Testing the Server
2.9.4 Securing the Initial MySQL Account
2.9.5 Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically
2.10 Perl Installation Notes
2.10.1 Installing Perl on Unix
2.10.2 Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
2.10.3 Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface
3 Upgrading MySQL
3.1 Before You Begin
3.2 Upgrade Paths
3.3 Upgrade Best Practices
3.4 What the MySQL Upgrade Process Upgrades
3.5 Changes in MySQL 9.1
3.6 Preparing Your Installation for Upgrade
3.7 Upgrading MySQL Binary or Package-based Installations on Unix/Linux
3.8 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL Yum Repository
3.9 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository
3.10 Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL SLES Repository