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<chapter>
  <header>
    <copyright>
      <year>2003</year><year>2017</year>
      <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
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    <legalnotice>
      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
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    <title>Errors and Error Handling</title>
    <prepared></prepared>
    <docno></docno>
    <date></date>
    <rev></rev>
    <file>errors.xml</file>
  </header>

  <section>
    <title>Terminology</title>
    <p>Errors can roughly be divided into four different types:</p>
    <list type="bulleted">
      <item>Compile-time errors</item>
      <item>Logical errors</item>
      <item>Run-time errors</item>
      <item>Generated errors</item>
    </list>
    <p>A compile-time error, for example a syntax error, does not
      cause much trouble as it is caught by the compiler.</p>
    <p>A logical error is when a program does not behave as intended,
      but does not crash. An example is that nothing happens when
      a button in a graphical user interface is clicked.</p>
    <p>A run-time error is when a crash occurs. An example is
      when an operator is applied to arguments of the wrong type.
      The Erlang programming language has built-in features for
      handling of run-time errors.</p>
    <p>A run-time error can also be emulated by calling
      <c>erlang:error(Reason)</c> or <c>erlang:error(Reason, Args)</c>.</p>
    <p>A run-time error is another name for an exception
      of class <c>error</c>.
      </p>
    <p>A generated error is when the code itself calls
      <c>exit/1</c> or <c>throw/1</c>. Notice that emulated run-time
      errors are not denoted as generated errors here.
      </p>
    <p>Generated errors are exceptions of classes <c>exit</c> and
      <c>throw</c>.
      </p>
    <p>When a run-time error or generated error occurs in Erlang, 
      execution for the process that evaluated
      the erroneous expression is stopped.
      This is referred to as a <em>failure</em>, that execution or
      evaluation <em>fails</em>, or that the process <em>fails</em>,
      <em>terminates</em>, or <em>exits</em>. Notice that a process can
      terminate/exit for other reasons than a failure.</p>
    <p>A process that terminates emits an <em>exit signal</em> with
      an <em>exit reason</em> that says something about which error
      has occurred. Normally, some information about the error is
      printed to the terminal.</p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Exceptions</title>
    <p>Exceptions are run-time errors or generated errors and 
      are of three different classes, with different origins. The
      <seeguide marker="expressions#try">try</seeguide> expression 
      can distinguish between the different classes, whereas the
      <seeguide marker="expressions#catch">catch</seeguide>
      expression cannot. They are described in
      <seeguide marker="expressions">Expressions
      </seeguide>.</p>
    <table>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Class</em></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Origin</em></cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>error</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">Run-time error,
        for example, <c>1+a</c>, or the process called
        <c>erlang:error/1,2</c></cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>exit</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">The process called <c>exit/1</c></cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>throw</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">The process called <c>throw/1</c></cell>
      </row>
      <tcaption>Exception Classes.</tcaption>
    </table>
    <p>An exception consists of its class, an exit reason
      (see <seeguide marker="#exit_reasons">Exit Reason</seeguide>),
      and a stack trace (which aids in finding the code location of
      the exception).</p>
    <p>The stack trace can be bound to a variable from within
      a <c>try</c> expression, and is returned for
      exceptions of class <c>error</c> from a <c>catch</c> expression.</p>
    <p>An exception of class <c>error</c> is also known as a run-time 
      error.</p>

      <section>
	<marker id="stacktrace"></marker>
	<title>The call-stack back trace (stacktrace)</title>
        <p>The stack back-trace (<em>stacktrace</em>) is a list of
          <c>{Module,Function,Arity,Location}</c>
          tuples. The field <c>Arity</c> in the first tuple can be the
          argument list of that function call instead of an arity integer,
          depending on the exception.</p>

	<p><c>Location</c> is a (possibly empty) list of two-tuples
	that can indicate the location in the source code of the
	function.  The first element is an atom describing the type of
	information in the second element. The following items can
	occur:</p>
	<taglist>
          <tag><c>file</c></tag>
          <item>The second element of the tuple is a string (list of
          characters) representing the filename of the source file
          of the function.
          </item>
          <tag><c>line</c></tag>
          <item>The second element of the tuple is the line number
          (an integer &gt; 0) in the source file
          where the exception occurred or the function was called.
          </item>
	</taglist>
	<warning><p>Developers should rely on stacktrace entries only for
	debugging purposes.</p>
	<p>The VM performs tail call optimization, which
	does not add new entries to the stacktrace, and also limits stacktraces
	to a certain depth. Furthermore, compiler options, optimizations and
	future changes may add or remove stacktrace entries, causing any code
	that expects the stacktrace to be in a certain order or contain specific
	items to fail.</p>
	<p>The only exception to this rule is the class <c>error</c> with the
	reason <c>undef</c> which is guaranteed to include the <c>Module</c>,
	<c>Function</c> and <c>Arity</c> of the attempted
	function as the first stacktrace entry.</p>
	</warning>
      </section>

  </section>


  <section>
    <title>Handling of Run-time Errors in Erlang</title>

    <section>
      <title>Error Handling Within Processes</title>
      <p>It is possible to prevent run-time errors and other
        exceptions from causing
        the process to terminate by using <c>catch</c> or
        <c>try</c>, see <seeguide marker="expressions">
        Expressions</seeguide> about
        <seeguide marker="expressions#catch">catch</seeguide>
        and <seeguide marker="expressions#try">try</seeguide>.</p>
    </section>

    <section>
      <title>Error Handling Between Processes</title>
      <p>Processes can monitor other processes and detect process
        terminations, see
        <seeguide marker="processes#errors">Processes</seeguide>.</p>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section>
    <marker id="exit_reasons"></marker>
    <title>Exit Reasons</title>
    <p>When a run-time error occurs,
      that is an exception of class <c>error</c>.
      The exit reason is a tuple <c>{Reason,Stack}</c>, where
      <c>Reason</c> is a term indicating the type of error:</p>
    <table>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Reason</em></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Type of Error</em></cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>badarg</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">Bad argument. The argument is of wrong data type, or is otherwise badly formed.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>badarith</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">Bad argument in an arithmetic expression.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>{badmatch,V}</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">Evaluation of a match expression failed. The value <c>V</c> did not match.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>function_clause</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">No matching function clause is found when evaluating a function call.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>{case_clause,V}</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">No matching branch is found when evaluating a <c>case</c> expression. The value <c>V</c> did not match.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>if_clause</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">No true branch is found when evaluating an <c>if</c> expression.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>{try_clause,V}</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">No matching branch is found when evaluating the of-section of a <c>try</c> expression. The value <c>V</c> did not match.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>undef</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">The function cannot be found when evaluating a function call.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>{badfun,F}</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">Something is wrong with a fun <c>F</c>.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>{badarity,F}</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">A fun is applied to the wrong number of arguments. <c>F</c> describes the fun and the arguments.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>timeout_value</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">The timeout value in a <c>receive..after</c> expression is evaluated to something else than an integer or <c>infinity</c>.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>noproc</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">Trying to link or monitor to a non-existing process or port.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>noconnection</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">A link or monitor to a remote process was broken because a connection between the nodes could not be established or was severed.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>{nocatch,V}</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">Trying to evaluate a <c>throw </c>outside a <c>catch</c>. <c>V</c> is the thrown term.</cell>
      </row>
      <row>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>system_limit</c></cell>
        <cell align="left" valign="middle">A system limit has been reached.
        See <seeguide marker="system/efficiency_guide:advanced">
        Efficiency Guide</seeguide> for information about system limits.
        </cell>
      </row>
      <tcaption>Exit Reasons</tcaption>
    </table>
    <p><c>Stack</c> is the stack of function calls being evaluated
      when the error occurred, given as a list of tuples
      <c>{Module,Name,Arity}</c> with the most recent function call
      first. The most recent function call tuple can in some
      cases be <c>{Module,Name,[Arg]}</c>.</p>
  </section>
</chapter>

