// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only

package storegateway

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"slices"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/go-kit/log"
	"github.com/go-kit/log/level"
	"github.com/golang/snappy"
	"github.com/oklog/ulid/v2"
	"github.com/pkg/errors"
	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunks"
	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/hashcache"
	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/index"
	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"

	"github.com/grafana/mimir/pkg/mimirpb"
	"github.com/grafana/mimir/pkg/storage/sharding"
	"github.com/grafana/mimir/pkg/storage/tsdb"
	"github.com/grafana/mimir/pkg/storage/tsdb/block"
	"github.com/grafana/mimir/pkg/storegateway/indexcache"
	"github.com/grafana/mimir/pkg/storegateway/storepb"
	"github.com/grafana/mimir/pkg/util/pool"
	"github.com/grafana/mimir/pkg/util/spanlogger"
)

var (
	seriesChunkRefsSetPool = pool.Interface(&sync.Pool{
		// Intentionally return nil if the pool is empty, so that the caller can preallocate
		// the slice with the right size.
		New: nil,
	})

	symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSetsPool = pool.Interface(&sync.Pool{
		// Intentionally return nil if the pool is empty, so that the caller can preallocate
		// the slice with the right size.
		New: nil,
	})

	symbolizedLabelsPool = pool.Interface(&sync.Pool{
		// Intentionally return nil if the pool is empty, so that the caller can preallocate
		// the slice with the right size.
		New: nil,
	})
)

type symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet struct {
	// series sorted by labels.
	series []symbolizedSeriesChunkRefs

	labelsPool *pool.SlabPool[symbolizedLabel]
}

func newSymbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet(capacity int) symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet {
	var prealloc []symbolizedSeriesChunkRefs

	if reused := symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSetsPool.Get(); reused != nil {
		prealloc = *(reused.(*[]symbolizedSeriesChunkRefs))
	}

	if prealloc == nil {
		prealloc = make([]symbolizedSeriesChunkRefs, 0, capacity)
	}

	return symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet{
		series:     prealloc,
		labelsPool: pool.NewSlabPool[symbolizedLabel](symbolizedLabelsPool, 1024),
	}
}

// release the internal series slice to a memory pool.
//
// This function is not idempotent. Calling it twice would introduce subtle bugs.
func (b symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet) release() {
	b.labelsPool.Release()
	reuse := b.series[:0]
	symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSetsPool.Put(&reuse)
}

type symbolizedSeriesChunkRefs struct {
	lset []symbolizedLabel
	refs []seriesChunkRef
}

// seriesChunkRefsSet holds a set of series (sorted by labels) with their chunk references.
type seriesChunkRefsSet struct {
	// series sorted by labels.
	series []seriesChunkRefs

	// releasable holds whether the series slice (but not its content) can be released to a memory pool.
	releasable bool
}

// newSeriesChunkRefsSet creates a new seriesChunkRefsSet with the given capacity.
// If releasable is true, then a subsequent call release() will put the internal
// series slices to a memory pool for reusing.
func newSeriesChunkRefsSet(capacity int, releasable bool) seriesChunkRefsSet {
	var prealloc []seriesChunkRefs

	// If it's releasable then we try to reuse a slice from the pool.
	if releasable {
		if reused := seriesChunkRefsSetPool.Get(); reused != nil {
			prealloc = *(reused.(*[]seriesChunkRefs))
		}
	}

	if prealloc == nil {
		prealloc = make([]seriesChunkRefs, 0, capacity)
	}

	return seriesChunkRefsSet{
		series:     prealloc,
		releasable: releasable,
	}
}

func (b seriesChunkRefsSet) len() int {
	return len(b.series)
}

// release the internal series slice to a memory pool. This function call has no effect
// if seriesChunkRefsSet was created to be not releasable.
//
// This function is not idempotent. Calling it twice would introduce subtle bugs.
func (b seriesChunkRefsSet) release() {
	if b.series == nil || !b.releasable {
		return
	}

	reuse := b.series[:0]
	seriesChunkRefsSetPool.Put(&reuse)
}

// makeUnreleasable returns a new seriesChunkRefsSet that cannot be released on a subsequent call to release.
//
// This is useful for scenarios where a set will be used multiple times and so it is not safe for consumers to release it.
func (b seriesChunkRefsSet) makeUnreleasable() seriesChunkRefsSet {
	return seriesChunkRefsSet{b.series, false}
}

// seriesChunkRefs holds a series with a list of chunk references.
type seriesChunkRefs struct {
	lset labels.Labels
	refs []seriesChunkRef
}

// seriesChunkRef holds the reference to a chunk in a given block.
type seriesChunkRef struct {
	blockID     ulid.ULID
	segmentFile uint32
	// The order of these fields matters; having the uint32 on top allows to pack together the two uint32 fields
	segFileOffset uint32
	// length will be 0 when the length of the chunk isn't known
	length uint32
	// minTime and maxTime are inclusive
	minTime, maxTime int64
}

// Compare returns > 0 if r should be before other when sorting seriesChunkRef,
// 0 if they're equal or < 0 if r should be after other.
func (r seriesChunkRef) Compare(other seriesChunkRef) int {
	if r.minTime < other.minTime {
		return 1
	}
	if r.minTime > other.minTime {
		return -1
	}

	// Same min time.
	if r.maxTime < other.maxTime {
		return 1
	}
	if r.maxTime > other.maxTime {
		return -1
	}
	return 0
}

func (r seriesChunkRef) ref() chunks.ChunkRef {
	return chunkRef(r.segmentFile, r.segFileOffset)
}

// seriesChunkRefsIterator implements an iterator returning a sequence of seriesChunkRefs.
type seriesChunkRefsIterator struct {
	currentOffset int
	set           seriesChunkRefsSet
}

func newSeriesChunkRefsIterator(set seriesChunkRefsSet) *seriesChunkRefsIterator {
	c := &seriesChunkRefsIterator{}
	c.reset(set)

	return c
}

// reset replaces the current set with the provided one. After calling reset() you
// must call Next() to advance the iterator to the first element.
//
// This function just reset the internal state and it does NOT invoke release()
// on the previous seriesChunkRefsSet.
func (c *seriesChunkRefsIterator) reset(set seriesChunkRefsSet) {
	c.set = set
	c.currentOffset = -1
}

// resetIteratorAndReleasePreviousSet is like reset() but also release the previous seriesChunkRefsSet
// hold internally. Invoke this function if none else except this iterator is holding a
// reference to the previous seriesChunkRefsSet.
func (c *seriesChunkRefsIterator) resetIteratorAndReleasePreviousSet(set seriesChunkRefsSet) {
	c.set.release()
	c.reset(set)
}

func (c *seriesChunkRefsIterator) Next() bool {
	c.currentOffset++
	return !c.Done()
}

// Done returns true if the iterator trespassed the end and the item returned by At()
// is the zero value. If the iterator is on the last item, the value returned by At()
// is the actual item and Done() returns false.
func (c *seriesChunkRefsIterator) Done() bool {
	setLength := c.set.len()
	return setLength == 0 || c.currentOffset >= setLength
}

func (c *seriesChunkRefsIterator) At() seriesChunkRefs {
	if c.currentOffset < 0 || c.currentOffset >= c.set.len() {
		return seriesChunkRefs{}
	}
	return c.set.series[c.currentOffset]
}

func (c *seriesChunkRefsIterator) Err() error {
	return nil
}

type flattenedSeriesChunkRefsIterator struct {
	from     iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]
	iterator *seriesChunkRefsIterator
}

func newFlattenedSeriesChunkRefsIterator(from iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]) *flattenedSeriesChunkRefsIterator {
	return &flattenedSeriesChunkRefsIterator{
		from:     from,
		iterator: newSeriesChunkRefsIterator(seriesChunkRefsSet{}), // start with an empty set and initialize on the first call to Next()
	}
}

func (c flattenedSeriesChunkRefsIterator) Next() bool {
	if c.iterator.Next() {
		return true
	}

	// The current iterator has no more elements. We check if there's another
	// iterator to fetch and then iterate on.
	if !c.from.Next() {
		// We can safely release the previous set because none retained it except the
		// iterator itself (which we're going to reset).
		c.iterator.resetIteratorAndReleasePreviousSet(seriesChunkRefsSet{})
		return false
	}

	// We can safely release the previous set because none retained it except the
	// iterator itself (which we're going to reset).
	c.iterator.resetIteratorAndReleasePreviousSet(c.from.At())

	// We've replaced the current iterator, so can recursively call Next()
	// to check if there's any item in the new iterator and further advance it if not.
	return c.Next()
}

func (c flattenedSeriesChunkRefsIterator) At() seriesChunkRefs {
	return c.iterator.At()
}

func (c flattenedSeriesChunkRefsIterator) Err() error {
	return c.from.Err()
}

type emptySeriesChunkRefsSetIterator struct {
}

func (emptySeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Next() bool             { return false }
func (emptySeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) At() seriesChunkRefsSet { return seriesChunkRefsSet{} }
func (emptySeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Err() error             { return nil }

func mergedSeriesChunkRefsSetIterators(mergedBatchSize int, all ...iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]) iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet] {
	switch len(all) {
	case 0:
		return emptySeriesChunkRefsSetIterator{}
	case 1:
		return newDeduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator(mergedBatchSize, all[0])
	}
	h := len(all) / 2

	return newMergedSeriesChunkRefsSet(
		mergedBatchSize,
		mergedSeriesChunkRefsSetIterators(mergedBatchSize, all[:h]...),
		mergedSeriesChunkRefsSetIterators(mergedBatchSize, all[h:]...),
	)
}

type mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet struct {
	batchSize int

	a, b     iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]
	aAt, bAt *seriesChunkRefsIterator
	current  seriesChunkRefsSet
	done     bool
}

func newMergedSeriesChunkRefsSet(mergedBatchSize int, a, b iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]) *mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet {
	return &mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet{
		batchSize: mergedBatchSize,
		a:         a,
		b:         b,
		done:      false,
		// start iterator on an empty set. It will be reset with a non-empty set when Next() is called
		aAt: newSeriesChunkRefsIterator(seriesChunkRefsSet{}),
		bAt: newSeriesChunkRefsIterator(seriesChunkRefsSet{}),
	}
}

func (s *mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet) Err() error {
	if err := s.a.Err(); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if err = s.b.Err(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet) At() seriesChunkRefsSet {
	return s.current
}

func (s *mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet) Next() bool {
	if s.done {
		return false
	}

	// This can be released by the caller because mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet doesn't retain it
	// after Next() will be called again.
	next := newSeriesChunkRefsSet(s.batchSize, true)

	for i := 0; i < s.batchSize; i++ {
		err := s.ensureCursors(s.aAt, s.bAt, s.a, s.b)
		if err != nil {
			// Stop iterating on first error encountered.
			s.current = seriesChunkRefsSet{}
			s.done = true
			return false
		}

		nextSeries, ok := s.nextUniqueEntry(s.aAt, s.bAt)
		if !ok {
			break
		}
		next.series = append(next.series, nextSeries)
	}

	// We have reached the end of the iterator and next set is empty, so we can
	// directly release it.
	if next.len() == 0 {
		next.release()
		s.current = seriesChunkRefsSet{}
		s.done = true
		return false
	}

	s.current = next
	return true
}

func (s *mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet) ensureCursors(curr1, curr2 *seriesChunkRefsIterator, set1, set2 iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]) error {
	// When both cursors are empty, we advance their set iterators concurrently to reduce total waiting time for the
	// IO from underlying set iterators (see grafana/mimir#4596).
	// If either of cursors are already populated with data (or completed), the cost of goroutine switch outweigh
	// the cost of single call to ensureItemAvailableToRead, thus below we call them sequentially.
	if curr1.Done() && curr2.Done() {
		var g errgroup.Group
		g.Go(func() error { return s.ensureItemAvailableToRead(curr1, set1) })
		g.Go(func() error { return s.ensureItemAvailableToRead(curr2, set2) })
		return g.Wait()
	}

	if err := s.ensureItemAvailableToRead(curr1, set1); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := s.ensureItemAvailableToRead(curr2, set2); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// ensureItemAvailableToRead ensures curr has an item available to read, unless we reached the
// end of all sets. If curr has no item available to read, it will advance the iterator, eventually
// picking the next one from the set.
func (s *mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet) ensureItemAvailableToRead(curr *seriesChunkRefsIterator, set iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]) error {
	// Ensure curr has an item available, otherwise fetch the next set.
	for curr.Done() {
		if set.Next() {
			// We can release the previous set because it hasn't been retained by anyone else.
			curr.resetIteratorAndReleasePreviousSet(set.At())

			// Advance the iterator to the first element. If the iterator is empty,
			// it will be detected and handled by the outer for loop.
			curr.Next()
			continue
		}

		// Release the previous set because won't be accessed anymore.
		curr.resetIteratorAndReleasePreviousSet(seriesChunkRefsSet{})

		if set.Err() != nil {
			// Stop iterating on first error encountered.
			return set.Err()
		}

		// No more sets.
		return nil
	}

	return nil
}

// nextUniqueEntry returns the next unique entry from both a and b. If a.At() and b.At() have the same
// label set, nextUniqueEntry merges their chunks refs. The merged refs are sorted by their MinTime and then by MaxTime.
func (s *mergedSeriesChunkRefsSet) nextUniqueEntry(a, b *seriesChunkRefsIterator) (toReturn seriesChunkRefs, _ bool) {
	if a.Done() && b.Done() {
		return toReturn, false
	} else if a.Done() {
		toReturn = b.At()
		b.Next()
		return toReturn, true
	} else if b.Done() {
		toReturn = a.At()
		a.Next()
		return toReturn, true
	}

	aAt := a.At()
	lsetA, chksA := aAt.lset, aAt.refs
	bAt := b.At()
	lsetB, chksB := bAt.lset, bAt.refs

	if d := labels.Compare(lsetA, lsetB); d > 0 {
		toReturn = b.At()
		b.Next()
		return toReturn, true
	} else if d < 0 {
		toReturn = a.At()
		a.Next()
		return toReturn, true
	}

	// Both a and b contains the same series. Go through all chunk refs and concatenate them from both
	// series sets. We best effortly assume chunk refs are sorted by min time. This means that
	// if the chunks overlap, then the resulting chunks will not be in min time order.
	// This is ok since the series API doesn't require us to return sorted chunks.
	toReturn.lset = lsetA

	// Slice reuse is not generally safe with nested merge iterators.
	// We err on the safe side and create a new slice.
	toReturn.refs = make([]seriesChunkRef, 0, len(chksA)+len(chksB))

	bChunksOffset := 0
Outer:
	for aChunksOffset := range chksA {
		for {
			if bChunksOffset >= len(chksB) {
				// No more b chunks.
				toReturn.refs = append(toReturn.refs, chksA[aChunksOffset:]...)
				break Outer
			}

			if chksA[aChunksOffset].Compare(chksB[bChunksOffset]) > 0 {
				toReturn.refs = append(toReturn.refs, chksA[aChunksOffset])
				break
			}

			toReturn.refs = append(toReturn.refs, chksB[bChunksOffset])
			bChunksOffset++
		}
	}

	if bChunksOffset < len(chksB) {
		toReturn.refs = append(toReturn.refs, chksB[bChunksOffset:]...)
	}

	a.Next()
	b.Next()
	return toReturn, true
}

type seriesChunkRefsSeriesSet struct {
	from iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]

	currentIterator *seriesChunkRefsIterator
}

func newSeriesChunkRefsSeriesSet(from iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]) storepb.SeriesSet {
	return &seriesChunkRefsSeriesSet{
		from:            from,
		currentIterator: newSeriesChunkRefsIterator(seriesChunkRefsSet{}),
	}
}

func newSeriesSetWithoutChunks(ctx context.Context, from iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet], stats *safeQueryStats) storepb.SeriesSet {
	from = newPreloadingAndStatsTrackingSetIterator(ctx, 1, from, stats)
	return newSeriesChunkRefsSeriesSet(from)
}

func (s *seriesChunkRefsSeriesSet) Next() bool {
	if s.currentIterator.Next() {
		return true
	}

	// The current iterator has no more elements. We check if there's another
	// iterator to fetch and then iterate on.
	if !s.from.Next() {
		// We can safely release the previous set because none retained it except the
		// iterator itself (which we're going to reset).
		s.currentIterator.resetIteratorAndReleasePreviousSet(seriesChunkRefsSet{})

		return false
	}

	next := s.from.At()

	// We can safely release the previous set because none retained it except the
	// iterator itself (which we're going to reset).
	s.currentIterator.resetIteratorAndReleasePreviousSet(next)

	// We've replaced the current iterator, so can recursively call Next()
	// to check if there's any item in the new iterator and further advance it if not.
	return s.Next()
}

func (s *seriesChunkRefsSeriesSet) At() (labels.Labels, []storepb.AggrChunk) {
	return s.currentIterator.At().lset, nil
}

func (s *seriesChunkRefsSeriesSet) Err() error {
	return s.from.Err()
}

// deduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator merges together consecutive series in the underlying iterator.
type deduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator struct {
	batchSize int

	from    iterator[seriesChunkRefs]
	peek    *seriesChunkRefs
	current seriesChunkRefsSet
}

func newDeduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator(batchSize int, from iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]) *deduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator {
	return &deduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator{
		batchSize: batchSize,
		from:      newFlattenedSeriesChunkRefsIterator(from),
	}
}

func (s *deduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Err() error {
	return s.from.Err()
}

func (s *deduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) At() seriesChunkRefsSet {
	return s.current
}

func (s *deduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Next() bool {
	var firstSeries seriesChunkRefs
	if s.peek == nil {
		if !s.from.Next() {
			return false
		}
		firstSeries = s.from.At()
	} else {
		firstSeries = *s.peek
		s.peek = nil
	}

	// This can be released by the caller because deduplicatingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator doesn't retain it
	// after Next() will be called again.
	nextSet := newSeriesChunkRefsSet(s.batchSize, true)
	nextSet.series = append(nextSet.series, firstSeries)

	var nextSeries seriesChunkRefs
	for i := 0; i < s.batchSize; {
		if !s.from.Next() {
			break
		}
		nextSeries = s.from.At()

		if labels.Equal(nextSet.series[i].lset, nextSeries.lset) {
			// We don't need to ensure that chunks are in any particular order. The querier will sort the chunks for a single series.
			nextSet.series[i].refs = append(nextSet.series[i].refs, nextSeries.refs...)
		} else {
			i++
			if i >= s.batchSize {
				s.peek = &nextSeries
				break
			}
			nextSet.series = append(nextSet.series, nextSeries)
		}
	}
	s.current = nextSet
	return true
}

type limitingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator struct {
	from          iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]
	chunksLimiter ChunksLimiter
	seriesLimiter SeriesLimiter

	err          error
	currentBatch seriesChunkRefsSet
}

func newLimitingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator(from iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet], chunksLimiter ChunksLimiter, seriesLimiter SeriesLimiter) *limitingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator {
	return &limitingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator{
		from:          from,
		chunksLimiter: chunksLimiter,
		seriesLimiter: seriesLimiter,
	}
}

func (l *limitingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Next() bool {
	if l.err != nil {
		return false
	}

	if !l.from.Next() {
		l.err = l.from.Err()
		return false
	}

	l.currentBatch = l.from.At()
	err := l.seriesLimiter.Reserve(uint64(l.currentBatch.len()))
	if err != nil {
		l.err = err
		return false
	}

	var totalChunks int
	for _, s := range l.currentBatch.series {
		totalChunks += len(s.refs)
	}

	err = l.chunksLimiter.Reserve(uint64(totalChunks))
	if err != nil {
		l.err = err
		return false
	}
	return true
}

func (l *limitingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) At() seriesChunkRefsSet {
	return l.currentBatch
}

func (l *limitingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Err() error {
	return l.err
}

type loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator struct {
	ctx                 context.Context
	postingsSetIterator *postingsSetsIterator
	indexr              *bucketIndexReader
	indexCache          indexcache.IndexCache
	stats               *safeQueryStats
	blockID             ulid.ULID
	shard               *sharding.ShardSelector
	seriesHasher        seriesHasher
	strategy            seriesIteratorStrategy
	builder             labels.ScratchBuilder
	minTime, maxTime    int64
	tenantID            string
	logger              log.Logger

	chunkMetasBuffer []chunks.Meta

	err        error
	currentSet seriesChunkRefsSet
}

func openBlockSeriesChunkRefsSetsIterator(
	ctx context.Context,
	batchSize int,
	tenantID string,
	indexr *bucketIndexReader,
	indexCache indexcache.IndexCache,
	blockMeta *block.Meta,
	matchers []*labels.Matcher,
	shard *sharding.ShardSelector,
	seriesHasher seriesHasher,
	strategy seriesIteratorStrategy,
	minTime, maxTime int64,
	stats *safeQueryStats,
	logger log.Logger,
	streamingIterators *streamingSeriesIterators,
) (iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet], error) {
	if batchSize <= 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("set size must be a positive number")
	}

	ps, pendingMatchers, err := indexr.ExpandedPostings(ctx, matchers, stats)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "expanded matching postings")
	}

	iteratorFactory := func(strategy seriesIteratorStrategy, psi *postingsSetsIterator) iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet] {
		return openBlockSeriesChunkRefsSetsIteratorFromPostings(ctx, tenantID, indexr, indexCache, blockMeta, shard, seriesHasher, strategy, minTime, maxTime, stats, psi, pendingMatchers, logger)
	}

	if streamingIterators == nil {
		psi := newPostingsSetsIterator(ps, batchSize)
		return iteratorFactory(strategy, psi), nil
	}

	return streamingIterators.wrapIterator(strategy, ps, batchSize, iteratorFactory), nil
}

func openBlockSeriesChunkRefsSetsIteratorFromPostings(
	ctx context.Context,
	tenantID string,
	indexr *bucketIndexReader,
	indexCache indexcache.IndexCache,
	blockMeta *block.Meta,
	shard *sharding.ShardSelector,
	seriesHasher seriesHasher,
	strategy seriesIteratorStrategy,
	minTime, maxTime int64,
	stats *safeQueryStats,
	postingsSetsIterator *postingsSetsIterator,
	pendingMatchers []*labels.Matcher,
	logger log.Logger,
) iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet] {
	var it iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]
	it = newLoadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator(
		ctx,
		postingsSetsIterator,
		indexr,
		indexCache,
		stats,
		blockMeta,
		shard,
		seriesHasher,
		strategy,
		minTime,
		maxTime,
		tenantID,
		logger,
	)

	if len(pendingMatchers) > 0 {
		it = newFilteringSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator(pendingMatchers, it, stats)
	}

	return it
}

// seriesIteratorStrategy defines the strategy to use when loading the series and their chunk refs.
// See below for available options.
type seriesIteratorStrategy byte

const (
	// By default, the strategy is to fetch series labels AND chunk refs
	// for time ranges overlapping mint and maxt provided.
	// To change the default behavior, use the flags below this.
	defaultStrategy = overlapMintMaxt

	// noChunkRefs flag when used by itself fetches only series labels for series in the entire block.
	noChunkRefs seriesIteratorStrategy = 0b00000001
	// overlapMintMaxt flag is used together with noChunkRefs. With this, only the series whose
	// chunks overlap with [mint, maxt] are selected.
	overlapMintMaxt seriesIteratorStrategy = 0b00000010
)

func (s seriesIteratorStrategy) isNoChunkRefs() bool {
	return s&noChunkRefs != 0
}

func (s seriesIteratorStrategy) isOverlapMintMaxt() bool {
	return s&overlapMintMaxt != 0
}

func (s seriesIteratorStrategy) isOnEntireBlock() bool {
	return !s.isOverlapMintMaxt()
}

func (s seriesIteratorStrategy) isNoChunkRefsOnEntireBlock() bool {
	return s.isNoChunkRefs() && s.isOnEntireBlock()
}

func (s seriesIteratorStrategy) isNoChunkRefsAndOverlapMintMaxt() bool {
	return s.isNoChunkRefs() && s.isOverlapMintMaxt()
}

func (s seriesIteratorStrategy) withNoChunkRefs() seriesIteratorStrategy {
	return s | noChunkRefs
}

func (s seriesIteratorStrategy) withChunkRefs() seriesIteratorStrategy {
	return s & ^noChunkRefs
}

func newLoadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator(
	ctx context.Context,
	postingsSetIterator *postingsSetsIterator,
	indexr *bucketIndexReader,
	indexCache indexcache.IndexCache,
	stats *safeQueryStats,
	blockMeta *block.Meta,
	shard *sharding.ShardSelector,
	seriesHasher seriesHasher,
	strategy seriesIteratorStrategy,
	minTime int64,
	maxTime int64,
	tenantID string,
	logger log.Logger,
) *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator {
	if strategy.isOnEntireBlock() {
		minTime, maxTime = blockMeta.MinTime, blockMeta.MaxTime
	}
	return &loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator{
		ctx:                 ctx,
		postingsSetIterator: postingsSetIterator,
		indexr:              indexr,
		indexCache:          indexCache,
		stats:               stats,
		blockID:             blockMeta.ULID,
		shard:               shard,
		seriesHasher:        seriesHasher,
		strategy:            strategy,
		builder:             labels.NewScratchBuilder(0),
		minTime:             minTime,
		maxTime:             maxTime,
		tenantID:            tenantID,
		logger:              logger,
	}
}

func (s *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Next() bool {
	if s.err != nil {
		return false
	}
	if !s.postingsSetIterator.Next() {
		return false
	}

	defer func(startTime time.Time) {
		spanLog := spanlogger.FromContext(s.ctx, s.logger)
		spanLog.DebugLog(
			"msg", "loaded series and chunk refs",
			"block_id", s.blockID.String(),
			"series_count", s.At().len(),
			"err", s.Err(),
			"duration", time.Since(startTime),
		)
	}(time.Now())

	nextPostings := s.postingsSetIterator.At()

	var cachedSeriesID cachedSeriesForPostingsID
	if s.strategy.isNoChunkRefsOnEntireBlock() {
		var err error
		// Calculate the cache ID before we filter out anything from the postings,
		// so that the key doesn't depend on the series hash cache or any other filtering we do on the postings list.
		// Calculate the cache item ID only if we'll actually use it.
		cachedSeriesID.postingsKey = indexcache.CanonicalPostingsKey(nextPostings)
		cachedSeriesID.encodedPostings, err = diffVarintSnappyEncode(index.NewListPostings(nextPostings), len(nextPostings))
		if err != nil {
			level.Warn(s.logger).Log("msg", "could not encode postings for series cache key", "err", err)
		} else {
			if cachedSet, isCached := fetchCachedSeriesForPostings(s.ctx, s.tenantID, s.indexCache, s.blockID, s.shard, cachedSeriesID, s.logger); isCached {
				s.currentSet = cachedSet
				return true
			}
		}
	}

	// Track the series loading statistics in a not synchronized data structure to avoid locking for each series
	// and then merge before returning from the function.
	loadStats := newQueryStats()
	defer s.stats.merge(loadStats)

	// We can't compute the series hash yet because we're still missing the series labels.
	// However, if the hash is already in the cache, then we can remove all postings for series
	// not belonging to the shard.
	if s.shard != nil {
		nextPostings = filterPostingsByCachedShardHash(nextPostings, s.shard, s.seriesHasher, loadStats)
	}

	symbolizedSet, err := s.symbolizedSet(s.ctx, nextPostings, loadStats)
	if err != nil {
		s.err = err
		return false
	}
	defer symbolizedSet.release() // We only retain the slices of chunk refs from this set. These are still not pooled, and it's ok to retain them.

	nextSet, err := s.stringifiedSet(symbolizedSet)
	if err != nil {
		s.err = err
		return false
	}

	nextSet = s.filterSeries(nextSet, nextPostings, loadStats)

	if len(nextSet.series) == 0 {
		// Try with the next set of postings.
		return s.Next()
	}

	s.currentSet = nextSet
	if cachedSeriesID.isSet() {
		storeCachedSeriesForPostings(s.ctx, s.indexCache, s.tenantID, s.blockID, s.shard, cachedSeriesID, nextSet, s.logger)
	}
	return true
}

func (s *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) symbolizedSet(ctx context.Context, postings []storage.SeriesRef, stats *queryStats) (_ symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet, err error) {
	symbolizedSet := newSymbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet(len(postings))
	defer func() {
		if err != nil {
			symbolizedSet.release()
		}
	}()

	loadedSeries, err := s.indexr.preloadSeries(ctx, postings, s.stats)
	if err != nil {
		return symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet{}, errors.Wrap(err, "preload series")
	}

	for _, id := range postings {
		var (
			metas  []chunks.Meta
			series symbolizedSeriesChunkRefs
		)
		series.lset, metas, err = s.loadSeries(id, loadedSeries, stats, symbolizedSet.labelsPool)
		if err != nil {
			return symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet{}, errors.Wrap(err, "read series")
		}

		switch {
		case s.strategy.isNoChunkRefsAndOverlapMintMaxt():
			overlaps := false
			for _, m := range metas {
				if m.MaxTime >= s.minTime && m.MinTime <= s.maxTime {
					overlaps = true
					break
				}
			}
			if !overlaps {
				series.lset = nil // setting the labels to nil ends up skipping the series
			}
		case !s.strategy.isNoChunkRefs():
			clampLastChunkLength(symbolizedSet.series, metas)
			series.refs = metasToChunkRefs(metas, s.blockID, s.minTime, s.maxTime)
		default:
			// What's left is "no chunk refs on entire block."
			// In this case we don't have to do anything with the chunk metas because we know they all
			// qualify and that we don't have to parse and return them.
			// The case of no chunks at all for this series is already covered by loadSeries and series.lset will be empty.
		}
		symbolizedSet.series = append(symbolizedSet.series, series)
	}
	return symbolizedSet, nil
}

func (s *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) stringifiedSet(symbolizedSet symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet) (seriesChunkRefsSet, error) {
	if len(symbolizedSet.series) > 256 {
		// This approach comes with some overhead in data structures.
		// It starts making more sense with more label values only.
		return s.singlePassStringify(symbolizedSet)
	}

	return s.multiLookupStringify(symbolizedSet)
}

// clampLastChunkLength checks the length of the last chunk in the last series.
// If the length of that chunk is larger than the difference with the first chunk ref in metas
// then the length is clamped at that difference.
// clampLastChunkLength assumes that the chunks are sorted by their refs
// (currently this is equivalent to also being sorted by their minTime) and that all series belong to the same block.
// clampLastChunkLength is a noop if metas or series is empty.
func clampLastChunkLength(series []symbolizedSeriesChunkRefs, nextSeriesChunkMetas []chunks.Meta) {
	if len(series) == 0 || len(nextSeriesChunkMetas) == 0 {
		return
	}
	var lastSeriesRefs = series[len(series)-1].refs
	if len(lastSeriesRefs) == 0 {
		return
	}
	var (
		lastSeriesChunk = lastSeriesRefs[len(lastSeriesRefs)-1]
		firstRef        = nextSeriesChunkMetas[0].Ref
	)

	// We only compare the segment file of the series because they all come from the same block.
	if lastSeriesChunk.segmentFile != uint32(chunkSegmentFile(firstRef)) {
		return
	}
	diffWithNextChunk := chunkOffset(firstRef) - lastSeriesChunk.segFileOffset
	// The diff should always be positive, but if for some reason it isn't (a bug?), we don't want to set length to a negative value.
	if diffWithNextChunk > 0 && lastSeriesChunk.length > diffWithNextChunk {
		lastSeriesRefs[len(lastSeriesRefs)-1].length = diffWithNextChunk
	}
}

// filterSeries filters out series that don't belong to this shard (if sharding is configured) or that don't have any
// chunk refs. Empty chunks ranges indicates that the series doesn't have any chunk ranges in the
// requested time range. filterSeries expects that the number of series matches the number of postings.
func (s *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) filterSeries(set seriesChunkRefsSet, postings []storage.SeriesRef, stats *queryStats) seriesChunkRefsSet {
	writeIdx := 0
	for sIdx, series := range set.series {

		// We skip this series under three conditions:
		// 1. The series doesn't have any chunks in this block OR the series didn't have any chunks in the requested time range,
		// 	  but also the request didn't require the chunks (i.e. s.strategy.isNoChunkRefs()). This is signified by an empty label set.
		if series.lset.IsEmpty() {
			continue
		}
		// 2. The series doesn't have any chunks in the requested time range but the request required the chunks (i.e. !s.strategy.isNoChunkRefs()).
		if !s.strategy.isNoChunkRefs() && len(series.refs) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		// 3. The series doesn't belong to this shard.
		if !shardOwned(s.shard, s.seriesHasher, postings[sIdx], series.lset, stats) {
			continue
		}
		set.series[writeIdx] = set.series[sIdx]
		writeIdx++
	}
	set.series = set.series[:writeIdx]
	return set
}

// metasToChunkRefs converts metas to chunk refs. It excludes any chunks that do not overlap with minT and maxT.
func metasToChunkRefs(metas []chunks.Meta, blockID ulid.ULID, minT, maxT int64) []seriesChunkRef {
	numChunksOverlapping := 0
	for _, m := range metas {
		if m.OverlapsClosedInterval(minT, maxT) {
			numChunksOverlapping++
		}
	}
	if numChunksOverlapping == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	refs := make([]seriesChunkRef, 0, numChunksOverlapping)

	for mIdx, m := range metas {
		if !m.OverlapsClosedInterval(minT, maxT) {
			continue
		}
		var chunkLen uint32
		// We can only calculate the length of this chunk, if we know the ref of the next chunk
		// and the two chunks are in the same segment file.
		// We do that by taking the difference between the chunk references. This works since the chunk references are offsets in a file.
		// If the chunks are in different segment files (unlikely, but possible),
		// then this chunk ends at the end of the segment file, and we don't know how big the segment file is.
		if nextRef, ok := nextChunkRef(metas, mIdx); ok && chunkSegmentFile(nextRef) == chunkSegmentFile(m.Ref) {
			chunkLen = chunkOffset(nextRef) - chunkOffset(m.Ref)
			if chunkLen > tsdb.EstimatedMaxChunkSize {
				// Clamp the length in case chunks are scattered across a segment file. This should never happen,
				// but if it does, we don't want to have an erroneously large length.
				chunkLen = tsdb.EstimatedMaxChunkSize
			}
		} else {
			chunkLen = tsdb.EstimatedMaxChunkSize
		}
		refs = append(refs, seriesChunkRef{
			segFileOffset: chunkOffset(m.Ref),
			minTime:       m.MinTime,
			maxTime:       m.MaxTime,
			length:        chunkLen,
			blockID:       blockID,
			// The cast to uint32 is safe because the segment file seq must fit in the first 32 bytes of the chunk ref
			segmentFile: uint32(chunkSegmentFile(m.Ref)),
		})
	}
	return refs
}

func nextChunkRef(metas []chunks.Meta, cIdx int) (chunks.ChunkRef, bool) {
	if cIdx+1 >= len(metas) {
		return 0, false
	}
	return metas[cIdx+1].Ref, true
}

func (s *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) At() seriesChunkRefsSet {
	return s.currentSet
}

func (s *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Err() error {
	return s.err
}

// loadSeries returns a for chunks. It is not safe to use the returned []chunks.Meta after calling loadSeries again
func (s *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) loadSeries(ref storage.SeriesRef, loadedSeries *bucketIndexLoadedSeries, stats *queryStats, lsetPool *pool.SlabPool[symbolizedLabel]) ([]symbolizedLabel, []chunks.Meta, error) {
	ok, lbls, err := loadedSeries.unsafeLoadSeries(ref, &s.chunkMetasBuffer, s.strategy.isNoChunkRefsOnEntireBlock(), stats, lsetPool)
	if !ok || err != nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "loadSeries")
	}

	return lbls, s.chunkMetasBuffer, nil
}

func (s *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) singlePassStringify(symbolizedSet symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet) (seriesChunkRefsSet, error) {
	// Some conservative map pre-allocation; the goal is to get an order of magnitude size of the map, so we minimize map growth.
	symbols := make(map[uint32]string, len(symbolizedSet.series)/2)

	for _, series := range symbolizedSet.series {
		for _, symRef := range series.lset {
			symbols[symRef.value] = ""
			symbols[symRef.name] = ""
		}
	}

	allSymbols := make([]uint32, 0, len(symbols))
	for sym := range symbols {
		allSymbols = append(allSymbols, sym)
	}
	slices.Sort(allSymbols)

	symReader, err := s.indexr.indexHeaderReader.SymbolsReader(s.ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return seriesChunkRefsSet{}, err
	}
	defer symReader.Close()
	for _, sym := range allSymbols {
		symbols[sym], err = symReader.Read(sym)
		if err != nil {
			return seriesChunkRefsSet{}, err
		}
	}

	// This can be released by the caller because loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator doesn't retain it after Next() is called again.
	set := newSeriesChunkRefsSet(len(symbolizedSet.series), true)

	for _, series := range symbolizedSet.series {
		s.builder.Reset()
		for _, symRef := range series.lset {
			s.builder.Add(symbols[symRef.name], symbols[symRef.value])
		}

		set.series = append(set.series, seriesChunkRefs{
			lset: s.builder.Labels(),
			refs: series.refs,
		})
	}

	return set, nil
}

func (s *loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) multiLookupStringify(symbolizedSet symbolizedSeriesChunkRefsSet) (seriesChunkRefsSet, error) {
	// This can be released by the caller because loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator doesn't retain it after Next() is called again.
	set := newSeriesChunkRefsSet(len(symbolizedSet.series), true)

	for _, series := range symbolizedSet.series {
		lset, err := s.indexr.LookupLabelsSymbols(s.ctx, series.lset, &s.builder)
		if err != nil {
			return seriesChunkRefsSet{}, err
		}

		set.series = append(set.series, seriesChunkRefs{
			lset: lset,
			refs: series.refs,
		})
	}
	return set, nil
}

type filteringSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator struct {
	stats    *safeQueryStats
	from     iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet]
	matchers []*labels.Matcher

	current seriesChunkRefsSet
}

func newFilteringSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator(matchers []*labels.Matcher, from iterator[seriesChunkRefsSet], stats *safeQueryStats) *filteringSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator {
	return &filteringSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator{
		stats:    stats,
		from:     from,
		matchers: matchers,
	}
}

func (m *filteringSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Next() bool {
	if !m.from.Next() {
		return false
	}

	next := m.from.At()
	writeIdx := 0

	for _, series := range next.series {
		matches := true
		for _, matcher := range m.matchers {
			if !matcher.Matches(series.lset.Get(matcher.Name)) {
				matches = false
				break
			}
		}
		if matches {
			next.series[writeIdx] = series
			writeIdx++
		}
	}
	m.stats.update(func(stats *queryStats) {
		stats.seriesOmitted += next.len() - writeIdx
	})
	next.series = next.series[:writeIdx]

	if next.len() == 0 {
		next.release()
		return m.Next()
	}
	m.current = next
	return true
}

func (m *filteringSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) At() seriesChunkRefsSet {
	return m.current
}

func (m *filteringSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator) Err() error {
	return m.from.Err()
}

// cachedSeriesForPostingsID contains enough information to be able to tell whether a cache entry
// is the right cache entry that we are looking for. We store only the postingsKey in the
// cache key because the encoded postings are too big. We store the encoded postings within
// the item and compare them when we need to fetch postings.
type cachedSeriesForPostingsID struct {
	postingsKey     indexcache.PostingsKey
	encodedPostings []byte
}

func (i cachedSeriesForPostingsID) isSet() bool {
	return i.postingsKey != "" && len(i.encodedPostings) > 0
}

func fetchCachedSeriesForPostings(ctx context.Context, userID string, indexCache indexcache.IndexCache, blockID ulid.ULID, shard *sharding.ShardSelector, itemID cachedSeriesForPostingsID, logger log.Logger) (seriesChunkRefsSet, bool) {
	data, ok := indexCache.FetchSeriesForPostings(ctx, userID, blockID, shard, itemID.postingsKey)
	if !ok {
		return seriesChunkRefsSet{}, false
	}
	data, err := snappy.Decode(nil, data)
	if err != nil {
		logSeriesForPostingsCacheEvent(ctx, logger, userID, blockID, shard, itemID, "msg", "can't decode series cache snappy", "err", err)
		return seriesChunkRefsSet{}, false
	}
	var entry storepb.CachedSeries
	if err = entry.Unmarshal(data); err != nil {
		logSeriesForPostingsCacheEvent(ctx, logger, userID, blockID, shard, itemID, "msg", "can't decode series cache", "err", err)
		return seriesChunkRefsSet{}, false
	}

	if !bytes.Equal(itemID.encodedPostings, entry.DiffEncodedPostings) {
		logSeriesForPostingsCacheEvent(ctx, logger, userID, blockID, shard, itemID, "msg", "cached series postings doesn't match, possible collision", "cached_trimmed_postings", previewDiffEncodedPostings(entry.DiffEncodedPostings))
		return seriesChunkRefsSet{}, false
	}

	// This can be released by the caller because loadingSeriesChunkRefsSetIterator (where this function is called) doesn't retain it
	// after Next() will be called again.
	res := newSeriesChunkRefsSet(len(entry.Series), true)
	for _, lset := range entry.Series {
		res.series = append(res.series, seriesChunkRefs{
			lset: mimirpb.FromLabelAdaptersToLabels(lset.Labels),
		})
	}
	return res, true
}

func storeCachedSeriesForPostings(ctx context.Context, indexCache indexcache.IndexCache, userID string, blockID ulid.ULID, shard *sharding.ShardSelector, itemID cachedSeriesForPostingsID, set seriesChunkRefsSet, logger log.Logger) {
	data, err := encodeCachedSeriesForPostings(set, itemID.encodedPostings)
	if err != nil {
		logSeriesForPostingsCacheEvent(ctx, logger, userID, blockID, shard, itemID, "msg", "can't encode series for caching", "err", err)
		return
	}
	indexCache.StoreSeriesForPostings(userID, blockID, shard, itemID.postingsKey, data)
}

func encodeCachedSeriesForPostings(set seriesChunkRefsSet, diffEncodedPostings []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	entry := &storepb.CachedSeries{
		Series:              make([]mimirpb.PreallocatingMetric, set.len()),
		DiffEncodedPostings: diffEncodedPostings,
	}
	for i, s := range set.series {
		entry.Series[i].Labels = mimirpb.FromLabelsToLabelAdapters(s.lset)
	}

	uncompressed, err := entry.Marshal()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return snappy.Encode(nil, uncompressed), nil
}

func logSeriesForPostingsCacheEvent(ctx context.Context, logger log.Logger, userID string, blockID ulid.ULID, shard *sharding.ShardSelector, itemID cachedSeriesForPostingsID, msgAndArgs ...any) {
	nonNilShard := maybeNilShard(shard)
	msgAndArgs = append(msgAndArgs,
		"tenant_id", userID,
		"block_ulid", blockID.String(),
		"requested_shard_index", nonNilShard.ShardIndex,
		"requested_shard_count", nonNilShard.ShardCount,
		"postings_key", itemID.postingsKey,
		"requested_trimmed_postings", previewDiffEncodedPostings(itemID.encodedPostings),
	)
	level.Warn(spanlogger.FromContext(ctx, logger)).Log(msgAndArgs...)
}

// previewDiffEncodedPostings truncates the postings to just 100 bytes and prints them as a golang byte slice
func previewDiffEncodedPostings(b []byte) string {
	if len(b) > 100 {
		b = b[:100]
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%v", b)
}

type seriesHasher interface {
	Hash(seriesID storage.SeriesRef, lset labels.Labels, stats *queryStats) uint64
	CachedHash(seriesID storage.SeriesRef, stats *queryStats) (uint64, bool)
}

type cachedSeriesHasher struct {
	cache *hashcache.BlockSeriesHashCache
}

func (b cachedSeriesHasher) CachedHash(seriesID storage.SeriesRef, stats *queryStats) (uint64, bool) {
	stats.seriesHashCacheRequests++
	hash, isCached := b.cache.Fetch(seriesID)
	if isCached {
		stats.seriesHashCacheHits++
	}
	return hash, isCached
}

func (b cachedSeriesHasher) Hash(id storage.SeriesRef, lset labels.Labels, stats *queryStats) uint64 {
	hash, ok := b.CachedHash(id, stats)
	if !ok {
		hash = labels.StableHash(lset)
		b.cache.Store(id, hash)
	}
	return hash
}

func shardOwned(shard *sharding.ShardSelector, hasher seriesHasher, id storage.SeriesRef, lset labels.Labels, stats *queryStats) bool {
	if shard == nil {
		return true
	}
	hash := hasher.Hash(id, lset, stats)

	return hash%shard.ShardCount == shard.ShardIndex
}

// postingsSetsIterator splits the provided postings into sets, while retaining their original order.
type postingsSetsIterator struct {
	postings []storage.SeriesRef

	batchSize               int
	nextBatchPostingsOffset int
	currentBatch            []storage.SeriesRef
}

func newPostingsSetsIterator(postings []storage.SeriesRef, batchSize int) *postingsSetsIterator {
	return &postingsSetsIterator{
		postings:  postings,
		batchSize: batchSize,
	}
}

func (s *postingsSetsIterator) Next() bool {
	if s.nextBatchPostingsOffset >= len(s.postings) {
		return false
	}

	end := s.nextBatchPostingsOffset + s.batchSize
	if end > len(s.postings) {
		end = len(s.postings)
	}
	s.currentBatch = s.postings[s.nextBatchPostingsOffset:end]
	s.nextBatchPostingsOffset += s.batchSize

	return true
}

func (s *postingsSetsIterator) At() []storage.SeriesRef {
	return s.currentBatch
}
