# PoseC3D

[Revisiting Skeleton-based Action Recognition](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.13586)

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## Abstract

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Human skeleton, as a compact representation of human action, has received increasing attention in recent years. Many skeleton-based action recognition methods adopt graph convolutional networks (GCN) to extract features on top of human skeletons. Despite the positive results shown in previous works, GCN-based methods are subject to limitations in robustness, interoperability, and scalability. In this work, we propose PoseC3D, a new approach to skeleton-based action recognition, which relies on a 3D heatmap stack instead of a graph sequence as the base representation of human skeletons. Compared to GCN-based methods, PoseC3D is more effective in learning spatiotemporal features, more robust against pose estimation noises, and generalizes better in cross-dataset settings. Also, PoseC3D can handle multiple-person scenarios without additional computation cost, and its features can be easily integrated with other modalities at early fusion stages, which provides a great design space to further boost the performance. On four challenging datasets, PoseC3D consistently obtains superior performance, when used alone on skeletons and in combination with the RGB modality.

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<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/34324155/142995620-21b5536c-8cda-48cd-9cb9-50b70cab7a89.png" width="800"/>
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<table>
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  <b> Pose Estimation Results </b>
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  <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/34324155/116529341-6fc95080-a90f-11eb-8f0d-57fdb35d1ba4.gif" width="455"/>
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  <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/34324155/116531676-04cd4900-a912-11eb-8db4-a93343bedd01.gif" width="455"/>
</div></td>
    <td>
<div align="center">
  <b> Keypoint Heatmap Volume Visualization </b>
  <br/>
  <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/34324155/116529336-6dff8d00-a90f-11eb-807e-4d9168997655.gif" width="256"/>
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  <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/34324155/116531658-00a12b80-a912-11eb-957b-561c280a86da.gif" width="256"/>
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    <td>
<div align="center">
  <b> Limb Heatmap Volume Visualization </b>
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  <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/34324155/116529322-6a6c0600-a90f-11eb-81df-6fbb36230bd0.gif" width="256"/>
  <br/>
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  <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/34324155/116531649-fed76800-a911-11eb-8ca9-0b4e58f43ad9.gif" width="256"/>
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  </tr>
</thead>
</table>

## Results and Models

### FineGYM

|config |pseudo heatmap | gpus | backbone | Mean Top-1 | ckpt | log| json|
|:--|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:-:|
|[slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint](/configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint.py) |keypoint |8 x 2| SlowOnly-R50 |93.7 | [ckpt](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint-b07a98a0.pth) | [log](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint.log) | [json](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint.json) |
|[slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_limb](/configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_limb.py) |limb |8 x 2| SlowOnly-R50 |94.0 | [ckpt](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_limb/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_limb-c0d7b482.pth) | [log](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_limb/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_limb.log) | [json](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_limb/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_limb.json) |
|Fusion | ||  |94.3 |  | | |

### NTU60_XSub

| config                                                       | pseudo heatmap | gpus  |   backbone   | Top-1 |                             ckpt                             |                             log                              |                             json                             |
| :----------------------------------------------------------- | :------------: | :---: | :----------: | :---: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: |
| [slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_keypoint](/configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_keypoint.py) |    keypoint    | 8 x 2 | SlowOnly-R50 | 93.7  | [ckpt](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_keypoint/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_keypoint-f3adabf1.pth) | [log](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_keypoint/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_keypoint.log) | [json](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_keypoint/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_keypoint.json) |
| [slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_limb](/configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_limb.py) |      limb      | 8 x 2 | SlowOnly-R50 | 93.4  | [ckpt](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_limb/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_limb-1d69006a.pth) | [log](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_limb/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_limb.log) | [json](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_limb/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu60_xsub_limb.json) |
| Fusion                                                       |                |       |              | 94.1  |                                                              |                                                              |                                                              |

### NTU120_XSub

| config                                                       | pseudo heatmap | gpus  |   backbone   | Top-1 |                             ckpt                             |                             log                              |                             json                             |
| :----------------------------------------------------------- | :------------: | :---: | :----------: | :---: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: |
| [slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_keypoint](/configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_keypoint.py) |    keypoint    | 8 x 2 | SlowOnly-R50 | 86.3  | [ckpt](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_keypoint/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_keypoint-6736b03f.pth) | [log](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_keypoint/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_keypoint.log) | [json](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_keypoint/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_keypoint.json) |
| [slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_limb](/configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_limb.py) |      limb      | 8 x 2 | SlowOnly-R50 | 85.7  | [ckpt](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_limb/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_limb-803c2317.pth?) | [log](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_limb/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_limb.log) | [json](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_limb/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_ntu120_xsub_limb.json) |
| Fusion                                                       |                |       |              | 86.9  |                                                              |                                                              |                                                              |

### UCF101

| config                                                       | pseudo heatmap | gpus  |   backbone   | Top-1 |                             ckpt                             |                             log                              |                             json                             |
| :----------------------------------------------------------- | :------------: | :---: | :----------: | :---: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: |
| [slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_ucf101_split1_keypoint](/configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_ucf101_split1_keypoint.py) |    keypoint    | 8 | SlowOnly-R50 | 87.0  | [ckpt](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_ucf101_split1_keypoint/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_ucf101_split1_keypoint-cae8aa4a.pth) | [log](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_ucf101_split1_keypoint/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_ucf101_split1_keypoint.log) | [json](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_ucf101_split1_keypoint/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_ucf101_split1_keypoint.json) |

### HMDB51

| config                                                       | pseudo heatmap | gpus  |   backbone   | Top-1 |                             ckpt                             |                             log                              |                             json                             |
| :----------------------------------------------------------- | :------------: | :---: | :----------: | :---: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: |
| [slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_hmdb51_split1_keypoint](/configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_hmdb51_split1_keypoint.py) |    keypoint    | 8 | SlowOnly-R50 | 69.3  | [ckpt](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_hmdb51_split1_keypoint/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_hmdb51_split1_keypoint-76ffdd8b.pth) | [log](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_hmdb51_split1_keypoint/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_hmdb51_split1_keypoint.log) | [json](https://download.openmmlab.com/mmaction/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_hmdb51_split1_keypoint/slowonly_kinetics400_pretrained_r50_u48_120e_hmdb51_split1_keypoint.json) |

:::{note}

1. The **gpus** indicates the number of gpu we used to get the checkpoint. It is noteworthy that the configs we provide are used for 8 gpus as default.
   According to the [Linear Scaling Rule](https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02677), you may set the learning rate proportional to the batch size if you use different GPUs or videos per GPU,
   e.g., lr=0.01 for 8 GPUs x 8 videos/gpu and lr=0.04 for 16 GPUs x 16 videos/gpu.
2. You can follow the guide in [Preparing Skeleton Dataset](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmaction2/tree/master/tools/data/skeleton) to obtain skeleton annotations used in the above configs.

:::

## Train

You can use the following command to train a model.

```shell
python tools/train.py ${CONFIG_FILE} [optional arguments]
```

Example: train PoseC3D model on FineGYM dataset in a deterministic option with periodic validation.

```shell
python tools/train.py configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint.py \
    --work-dir work_dirs/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint \
    --validate --seed 0 --deterministic
```

For training with your custom dataset, you can refer to [Custom Dataset Training](https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmaction2/blob/master/configs/skeleton/posec3d/custom_dataset_training.md).

For more details, you can refer to **Training setting** part in [getting_started](/docs/getting_started.md#training-setting).

## Test

You can use the following command to test a model.

```shell
python tools/test.py ${CONFIG_FILE} ${CHECKPOINT_FILE} [optional arguments]
```

Example: test PoseC3D model on FineGYM dataset and dump the result to a pickle file.

```shell
python tools/test.py configs/skeleton/posec3d/slowonly_r50_u48_240e_gym_keypoint.py \
    checkpoints/SOME_CHECKPOINT.pth --eval top_k_accuracy mean_class_accuracy \
    --out result.pkl
```

For more details, you can refer to **Test a dataset** part in [getting_started](/docs/getting_started.md#test-a-dataset).

## Citation

```BibTeX
@misc{duan2021revisiting,
      title={Revisiting Skeleton-based Action Recognition},
      author={Haodong Duan and Yue Zhao and Kai Chen and Dian Shao and Dahua Lin and Bo Dai},
      year={2021},
      eprint={2104.13586},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}
```
